Structure of income inequality and household leverage: Cross-country causal evidence

Remi Bazillier, Jérôme Héricourt and Samuel Ligonnière ()

European Economic Review, 2021, vol. 132, issue C

Abstract: How does income inequality and its structure affect credit? Based on various strands of the literature, we hypothesize that rising income inequality should lead to higher household credit at the aggregate level, and that a substantial part of this effect should be driven by the impoverishment of the middle class relative to top-income households. These intuitions are empirically confirmed by a study based on a country-level dataset over the period 1970–2017. To identify exogenous variations in inequality, we develop an instrumental variable approach based on two types of country-level instruments: the total number of ratified ILO conventions and factor endowments. Our results show exogenous variations in inequality have a positive impact on household credit: a one-standard-deviation increase in the Gini index generates a 5- to 8- percentage-point expansion in the ratio of household credit to GDP. In addition, the impact is 1.5–1.8 times stronger when the increase in inequality is driven by the income of top earners relative to the middle class rather than by the increase in top earners’ incomes at the expense of the lowest percentiles of the distribution. Those results are robust to various sets of instruments, databases, controls, and variable definitions. They also consistently disappear in countries where financial markets are insufficiently developed.

Keywords: Credit; Finance; Income inequality; Inequality structure (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: D31 E25 E44 G01 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (8)

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Related works:
Working Paper: Structure of income inequality and household leverage: Cross-country causal evidence (2021)
Working Paper: Structure of income inequality and household leverage: Cross-country causal evidence (2021)
Working Paper: Structure of Income Inequality and Household Leverage: Theory and Cross-Country Evidence (2019)
Working Paper: Structure of Income Inequality and Household Leverage: Theory and Cross-Country Evidence (2017)
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:eecrev:v:132:y:2021:i:c:s0014292120302592

DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103629

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