Near-field jet characteristics of a single-hole medium-/low-pressure hydrogen injector

Gengxin Zhang, Yifei Zhang, Penghua Shi, Peihao Chen, Ludwig Schneider, Hongming Xu and Dawei Wu

Energy, 2025, vol. 314, issue C

Abstract: Green hydrogen (H2) becomes an important alternative fuel for decarbonizing internal combustion engines (ICEs). Optimization of air-hydrogen mixture is a significant challenge to achieve stable combustion in H2 ICEs. In the paper, Schlieren optical diagnostic technique was used to reveal the near-field spray characteristics of a single-hole, medium/low-pressure H2 injector under various injection and ambient pressures and Helium (He) is used as a surrogate. Image processing code was developed to obtain critical jet parameters, including jet tip penetration, width, angle, and area. The cycle-to-cycle variation (CCV) of jet behavior on thirty repeated experiments was assessed using the coefficient of variation (COV) and the normalized dimensionless “Ins number”. The results indicated that the near-field jet could be distinctly divided into three stages: a smooth teardrop-like shape at early stage, a transitional wavy mushroom-head structure at mid stage, and a stable triangular-tower structure at later stage. Different stages of near-field jet exhibited varying CCV characteristics. Compared to jet tip penetration, the CCV in jet width and angle closely approached the proposed “absolute variation” line, playing a crucial role in the jet area CCV. This research provides essential data for the development of H2 jet models, facilitating the design optimization of H2 injectors.

Keywords: Hydrogen; Near-field jet; Hydrogen injector; Cycle-to-cycle variation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:energy:v:314:y:2025:i:c:s0360544224039008

DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.134122

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