Exploring energy flexibility from smart electrical water heaters to improve electrification benefits in residential buildings: Findings from real-world operation

Rui Amaral Lopes, Francisco Silva, Rafael Menezes-Barros, Nuno Amaro, Ana Gonçalves de Carvalho and João Martins

Energy, 2025, vol. 316, issue C

Abstract: The integration of renewable energy sources, which often have limited dispatchability, along with the rising electrification of energy demand, is increasing the complexity of managing power systems. To address this challenge, smart solutions that leverage energy flexibility in buildings can support power system operations by adapting energy consumption according to existing needs. This study presents a forecasting and IoT-based solution for electric water heaters designed to improve energy flexibility, lower electricity costs, and enhance self-consumption of locally generated energy. Deployed in a real-world setting on Terceira Island, Portugal, the solution successfully replaced a gas boiler, achieving a 56 % decrease in electricity costs and a 34 % reduction in CO2 emissions (compared to a scenario with a 75 % efficiency gas boiler). These benefits were realized while maintaining acceptable levels of comfort and user engagement.

Keywords: Smart electric water heater; Internet-of-Things; Forecasting; Energy flexibility; Electrification (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:energy:v:316:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225000234

DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.134381

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