Effect of particle size distribution of nanoadditives in Titania-laden diesel fuel on the fine and ultrafine particulate emissions

Akshat Jain, Anirudha Ambekar and Thaseem Thajudeen

Energy, 2025, vol. 320, issue C

Abstract: The present study comprehensively investigates the influence of the size of Titania (TiO2) nanoadditives and their dispersibility in diesel on the emission characteristics and performance parameters of a compression ignition engine. Although nanoadditives consistently resulted in improved engine characteristics, including brake thermal efficiency, the improvement declined substantially over time due to nanofuel aging. Dispersibility of nanoadditives in the fuel was significantly improved for ball-milled nanofuels, with results showing substantially better engine performance characteristics for 15-day-aged ball-milled nanofuel compared to the similarly aged bath-sonicated nanofuel. While the maximum reduction in hydrocarbon emission was 8.9 % for 15-day-aged 100-ppm bath-sonicated nanofuel, there was 36.7 % reduction for 15-day-aged ball-milled nanofuel. Similarly, the effect of nanoadditives on particulate matter (PM) emissions was shown to decline over time, based on measurements with scanning mobility particle sizer. PM emissions data also showed significantly better engine performance for 15-day-aged ball-milled nanofuel compared to 15-day-aged bath-sonicated nanofuel. However, emission results showed higher particle number concentrations in the exhaust in some cases, for specific size ranges, compared to emissions from diesel, possibly due to the presence of nanoadditives. The comprehensive investigations clearly show that the issues with aging of nanofuel can be overcome using better dispersion techniques like ball milling.

Keywords: Ball milling; Engine emissions; Nanoadditives; Nanofuel shelf life; Sub-23 nm particles; Ultrafine particles (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:energy:v:320:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225009648

DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.135322

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