Baseload hydrogen supply from an off-grid solar PV–wind power–battery–water electrolyzer plant

Alejandro Ibáñez-Rioja, Pietari Puranen, Lauri Järvinen, Antti Kosonen, Vesa Ruuskanen, Katja Hynynen, Jero Ahola and Pertti Kauranen

Energy, 2025, vol. 322, issue C

Abstract: Green hydrogen will play a key role in the transition to a carbon-neutral energy system. This study addresses the challenge of supplying baseload green hydrogen through an integrated off-grid alkaline water electrolyzer (AWE) plant, wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) power, a battery energy storage system (BESS), and a hydrogen storage system based on salt and rock cavern geologies. The capacities of the components and the hydrogen storage size are optimized simultaneously with the control of the AWE plant to minimize the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH2) of the gas supplied. The operation of the system is simulated over 30years with a 15min time resolution, considering operating expenses, component degradation, and replacements. Power generation data collected from a wind farm and a solar PV installation, both located in southeastern Finland, are used for system simulation. A sensitivity analysis, exploring different hydrogen demand rates, discount rates, and installation years, is conducted for both systems considering rock and salt caverns, providing the optimal configuration for each case. It is found that for the price scenario of the year 2025, for a combined 100MW AWE and compressor, the optimal hydrogen demand rate is 12kg/min with an LCOH2 of 3.14 €/kg and 2.77 €/kg in systems including rock and salt caverns, respectively.

Keywords: Baseload green hydrogen; Alkaline water electrolysis; Solar PV–wind power; Battery energy storage system; Hydrogen storage; Off-grid system optimization (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:energy:v:322:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225009466

DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.135304

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