Control strategy and techno-economic optimization of a small-scale hybrid energy storage system: A reversible HP/ORC-based Carnot battery and an electrical battery

Bentao Guo, Vincent Lemort and Aitor Cendoya

Energy, 2025, vol. 329, issue C

Abstract: By integrating renewable energy, Carnot batteries can support farms with intermittent grid access and a high reliance on diesel. This study proposes a reversible HP/ORC system hybridized with an electrical battery (BAT) to meet power and cooling demands. Operational strategies regarding ORC/BAT output priority and whether ORC charges BAT are analyzed: (A) ORC prioritizes and charges BAT, (B) BAT prioritizes while ORC charges BAT, (C) ORC prioritizes without charging BAT, and (D) BAT prioritizes without ORC charging BAT. A system without BAT (NoBAT) serves as a benchmark. The impact of mismatches between the built-in volume ratio of the compressor and hot storage temperature on HP/ORC performance is investigated, and a techno-economic optimization considering system size, operational parameters, and control factors is conducted under off-grid conditions. Results indicate an optimal levelized cost of energy between 0.165 and 0.216 €/kWh. Strategy B achieves the best energy coverage and CO2 reduction, while NoBAT incurs the lowest investment costs. Strategies B/D demonstrate higher adaptability to demand and component size variations, while the annual grid reliability significantly influences grid/diesel usage in NoBAT and Strategy A. This study highlights the potential of hybrid Carnot/electrical battery systems to enhance energy resilience and sustainability for family farms.

Keywords: Agricultural energy transition; Hybrid energy storage system; Rule-based control strategy; Techno-economic optimization; Pumped thermal energy storage; Off-grid electrification (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544225021504
Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:energy:v:329:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225021504

DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.136508

Access Statistics for this article

Energy is currently edited by Henrik Lund and Mark J. Kaiser

More articles in Energy from Elsevier
Bibliographic data for series maintained by Catherine Liu ().