Bi-level planning of electric vehicle charging stations considering charging demand: A Nash bargaining game approach

Zhuyuan Sun, Ye He, Hongbin Wu and Andrew Y. Wu

Energy, 2025, vol. 332, issue C

Abstract: The irrational layout of electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) will affect the investment economics of EVCS operators and the charging satisfaction of electric vehicle (EV) users. Based on the above research background, a method of EVCS planning based on a Nash bargaining game is proposed to coordinate the different interests between EVCS operators and EV users. Firstly, by integrating the spatial-temporal state of charge (SOC) characteristics and charging pile preferences of EV users, a charging management strategy is presented to predict their charging demands accurately. Then, the Nash bargaining game theory is introduced to establish a bi-level planning model of EVCS. In the upper level, the preliminary planning of EVCS is carried out with the objective of minimizing the economic costs for EVCS operators and EV users, respectively. In the lower level, aiming to maximize the charging satisfaction of EV users, the service areas of EVCS are divided accordingly. The loads of each station are then returned to the upper level to achieve capacity optimization. A hybrid optimization algorithm using the iterative search method and Dijkstra's algorithm is used to solve the bi-level model. Finally, through comprehensive comparisons of experimental results, it is shown that the proposed method can meet the balance of interests among different stakeholders. More specifically, the total economic cost and EV users' queuing time are reduced by 16.11 % and 57.14 %, respectively.

Keywords: Electric vehicle charging stations; Bi-level planning; Charging demand forecast; Bargaining game (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:energy:v:332:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225027793

DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.137137

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