Energy audit for sustainable wetland paddy cultivation in Malaysia

A. Muazu, A. Yahya, W.I.W. Ishak and S. Khairunniza-Bejo

Energy, 2015, vol. 87, issue C, 182-191

Abstract: An on-the-farm evaluation of energy inputs and output in 40 farms was conducted to determine the distributions of six main energy sources (i.e. human, fuel, machinery, seeds, fertilizer and pesticides) used in wetland paddy cultivation in Malaysia. The average paddy yield was found to be 7625 kg/ha with total energy input of 16,440 MJ/ha, energy output/input ratio of 7.76 and energy intensity of 2.16 MJ/kg. Compared to energy intensities for the production of rice in China, India and Thailand of 3.91, 3.50 and 4.44 MJ/kg respectively, paddy farmers in Malaysia used the least energy per unit of paddy produced. Almost 84% of the total energy input used in the cultivation was from fossil-based non-renewable resources, of which fertilizer, fuel, pesticides and machinery accounted for 60, 17, 4 and 3% respectively. The share contributions from seed, human labor and organic fertilizer which constituted the renewable resources were 15, 0.25 and 0.22% respectively. The benefit-cost ratio and total cost of production were 1.37 and RM6, 657/ha respectively. The fitted regression model revealed a direct relationship of yield with fuel, machinery, fertilizer, pesticides and seed energy expenditures and an inverse relationship of yield with the human energy expenditure.

Keywords: Energy distribution; Energy intensity; Cost analysis; Lowland paddy; Sustainable production (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2015
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (8)

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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:energy:v:87:y:2015:i:c:p:182-191

DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.04.066

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