Renewable and fossil energy, terrorism, economic growth, and trade: Evidence from France

Hassen Mohamed, Mehdi Ben Jebli and Slim Ben Youssef

Renewable Energy, 2019, vol. 139, issue C, 459-467

Abstract: To the best of our knowledge, there is no econometric study on the causal relationship between renewable or fossil energies and terrorism, nor on terrorism in France. This paper tries to fill this gap and considers other variables as economic growth and trade openness. The autoregressive distributed lag approach and Granger causality are used for annual data on France covering the period 1980–2015. The Wald test confirms the existence of long-run relationships between the considered variables. Granger causality reveals long-run bidirectional causalities between all the variables. Interestingly, in the short-run, there are unidirectional causalities running from renewable energy to terrorism, and from terrorism to trade openness, and there is bidirectional causality between terrorism and economic growth. Long-run parameter estimates show that more renewable energy consumption and more trade increase both terrorism and economic growth. However, economic growth reduces terrorism in the long-run and appears as a powerful tool to combat terrorism in France. In addition, France is recommended to continue encouraging the use of renewable energies, and at the same time, to make more diplomatic efforts to resolve political and military conflicts in the world, and particularly in the Middle East.

Keywords: Renewable and non-renewable energy; Terrorism; Economic growth; Autoregressive distributed lag; Granger causality; France (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C32 Q42 Q43 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2019
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (29)

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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:renene:v:139:y:2019:i:c:p:459-467

DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.02.096

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