Enhanced conversion of glucose to HMF by effectively modulating Sr2+ and oxygen vacancy content in TiO2 with Ca as sacrificial agent

Yongchen Liu, Pan Hou, Mingwei Ma, Wei Xue, Wenzheng Liu, Enpeng Chen, Maqian Shi, Zixing Wang, Huijuan Yue, Ge Tian and Shouhua Feng

Renewable Energy, 2026, vol. 256, issue PI

Abstract: The efficient conversion of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is hindered by the challenge of precisely regulating acidic sites in metal oxide catalysts. To address this, we developed a novel sacrificial agent strategy based on calcium ions that synergistically modulates strontium ion doping and oxygen vacancy formation within titanium dioxide-based catalysts. By leveraging the Ca2+-promoted Sr2+ chelation with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in perovskite precursors (CaTiO3/SrTiO3), we achieved precise control over Sr2+ content (SrxTiE series, x = 2–8) and oxygen vacancy density. An appropriate amount of Sr2+ doping promoted the formation of Brønsted acid (B-acid) sites by disrupting the Ti-O-Ti oxygen bridge. Optimal Sr2+ doping (Sr2TiE) maximized Brønsted/Lewis acid synergy (L/B ratio = 0.31), increasing total acid sites by 160 % (78.08 μmol/g vs. 30 μmol/g) compared to undoped TiO2 and generating the highest oxygen vacancy concentration (14.09 %). Under optimized conditions (160 °C for 3 h in a VTHF:VH2O ratio of 3:1), Sr2TiE delivered superior performance with 94.1 % glucose conversion and 46.2 % HMF yield. This work provides a generalizable approach for designing oxide catalysts via targeted vacancy and acidity engineering.

Keywords: Biomass conversion; Glucose; 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural; Perovskite etching; Composite metal oxide (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:renene:v:256:y:2026:i:pi:s0960148125023699

DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.124705

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