Microbial and Parasitic Contamination of Fresh Raw Vegetable Samples and Detection of the Bla TEM and Bla CTX-M Genes from E. coli Isolates

Alina Ghimire, Jitendra Upadhyaya, Tulsi Nayaju, Binod Lekhak, Dhiraj Kumar Chaudhary, Vijaya Raghavan, Bhoj Raj Pant, Tirtha Raj Bajgai, Niranjan Koirala and Milan Kumar Upreti
Additional contact information
Alina Ghimire: Department of Microbiology, GoldenGate International College, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
Jitendra Upadhyaya: Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H2Y1C6, Canada
Tulsi Nayaju: Department of Microbiology, GoldenGate International College, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
Binod Lekhak: Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
Dhiraj Kumar Chaudhary: Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16222, Korea
Vijaya Raghavan: Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H2Y1C6, Canada
Bhoj Raj Pant: Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur 44600, Nepal
Tirtha Raj Bajgai: Minhas Microbrewery, Distillery and Winery, 1314 44 Ave NE, Calgary, AB T2E6L6, Canada
Niranjan Koirala: Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
Milan Kumar Upreti: Department of Microbiology, GoldenGate International College, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal

Agriculture, 2020, vol. 10, issue 8, 1-13

Abstract: A total of 100 fresh-raw vegetable samples were collected from the Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur districts of Nepal to evaluate microbial and parasitic contamination, presence of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and detect the bla TEM and bla CTX-M genes among the Escherichia coli isolates. This study revealed that the prevalence of Giardia cysts was highest (100%) and Hookworm and Entamoeba coli were lowest (1% each). Coliforms were isolated from every raw vegetable sample. A total of 178 bacterial isolates were isolated among which 57 isolates were identified as E. coli , out of which 33 were Multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolates. The high rate of resistance was found towards amoxicillin/clavulanate, tetracycline and cotrimoxazole. The 10 E. coli isolates tested positive in an ESBL screening, out of which 4 were confirmed as ESBL producers by a combined disc test. Out of these 4 confirmed ESBL E. coli , one was found to carry both the bla TEM gene and bla CTX-M genes by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. One isolate has only the bla TEM gene, while other isolate harboured only bla CTX-M genes.

Keywords: raw vegetable; parasite; coliform bacteria; Kathmandu Valley; AST; MDR; ESBL (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2020
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