Nitrogen Contents in Soil, Grains, and Straw of Hybrid Rice Differ When Applied with Different Organic Nitrogen Sources

Amanullah, Hidayat Ullah, Mohamed Soliman Elshikh, Mona S. Alwahibi, Jawaher Alkahtani, Asim Muhammad, Shah Khalid and Imran
Additional contact information
Amanullah: Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
Hidayat Ullah: Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
Mohamed Soliman Elshikh: Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Mona S. Alwahibi: Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Jawaher Alkahtani: Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Asim Muhammad: Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
Shah Khalid: Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
Imran: Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan

Agriculture, 2020, vol. 10, issue 9, 1-14

Abstract: In the rice–wheat (R–W) system, inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer (urea, etc.) is the largest component of the N cycle, because the supply of N from organic fertilizers is insufficient. But the 4% Initiative aims to improve organic matter and stimulate carbon sequestration in soils using best agronomic practices (sustainable management practices) which are economically, environmentally, and socially friendly. This research project was, therefore, designed to assess the impact of various organic sources (OS, animal manure versus plant residues), inorganic N (urea), and their different combinations on the N concentrations in soils and plants (i.e., grains and straw) of hybrid rice plants. The experiments were conducted on farmers’ fields in Batkhela (Malakand), northwestern Pakistan, over 2 years (2011–2012 (Y1) and 2012–2013 (Y2)). The results revealed that N concentrations in soil as well as in rice plants ranked first when applied with urea-N, followed by the application of N in mixture (urea + OS), while the control plots (no N applied) ranked at the bottom. Among the six OS (three animal manures: poultry, sheep, and cattle; and three crop residues: onion, berseem, and wheat), application of N in the form of poultry manure was superior in terms of higher N concentrations in both soil and plants. Applying the required total N (120 kg N ha −1 ) in the form of 75% N from urea +25% N from OS resulted in higher N concentrations in soil and plants in Y1. The required total N (120 kg N ha −1 ) application in the form of 50% N from urea +50% N from OS produced higher N concentrations in soil and plants in Y2. It was concluded from the results, that combined application of N sources in the form of urea + OS can produce good performances in terms of higher N concentrations in soil as well as in rice plants under the R–W system. Integrated use of urea (N-fertilizer) with organic carbon sources (animal manures and crop residue) could sustain rice-based (exhaustive) cropping system.

Keywords: rice; organic source; urea; nitrogen; ratio; N concentration in soil; N concentration in rice plants (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2020
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/10/9/386/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/10/9/386/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jagris:v:10:y:2020:i:9:p:386-:d:407836

Access Statistics for this article

Agriculture is currently edited by Ms. Leda Xuan

More articles in Agriculture from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().