Risk Factors in Various Climates of Wheat Production in Western Iran: Experts’ Opinions

Zahra Ranjbar, Mohammad Chizari, Hasan Sadighi, Homayon Farhadian, Philippe Lebailly, Thomas Dogot, Jorge Armando Ortegón Rojas, Yenny Katherine Parra-Acosta and Hossein Azadi
Additional contact information
Zahra Ranjbar: Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115, Iran
Mohammad Chizari: Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115, Iran
Hasan Sadighi: Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115, Iran
Homayon Farhadian: Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115, Iran
Philippe Lebailly: Department of Economics and Rural Development, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
Thomas Dogot: Department of Economics and Rural Development, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
Jorge Armando Ortegón Rojas: Business Administration, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, 110111 Bogotá, Colombia
Yenny Katherine Parra-Acosta: Business Administration, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, 110111 Bogotá, Colombia
Hossein Azadi: Department of Economics and Rural Development, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium

Agriculture, 2021, vol. 11, issue 12, 1-17

Abstract: Agriculture is the origin of existence and survival in any society. However, this sector is always associated with risk and uncertainty, and farmers are faced with many challenges. Therefore, the main aim of this research was to explore the (production) risk factors of irrigated wheat production systems among farmers in Kermanshah province, Iran. The exploratory nature of this study on the one hand and the need for expert judgment on the other hand necessitated a Delphi research design. Thus, this study utilized a three-round Delphi technique. The population comprised of 10 subject-matter experts (SME) and 32 agricultural extension experts in two climates (warm and semi-arid and cold and moderate) in seven counties in Kermanshah province. A purposeful (complete) sample of 42 experts in the agricultural field participated in this study. Data were collected using a questionnaire designed on the basis of the Delphi technique. The findings indicated that, after three rounds of Delphi technique, the panel members reached a consensus on 75 factors which were categorized into biological, natural, managerial, and technological-structural groups for production risk. The results of this research provide useful insights for researchers, extension agents, and farmers.

Keywords: climate change; production risk; agricultural extension; irrigated wheat; Delphi technique (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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