Risk Factor Assessment, Sero-Prevalence, and Genotyping of the Virus That Causes Foot-and-Mouth Disease on Commercial Farms in Ethiopia from October 2018 to February 2020

Fanos Tadesse Woldemariyam, Annebel De Vleeschauwer, Nato Hundessa, Ayelech Muluneh, Daniel Gizaw, Susanne Tinel, Kris De Clercq, David Lefebvre and Jan Paeshuyse
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Fanos Tadesse Woldemariyam: Laboratory of Host Pathogen Interaction, Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
Annebel De Vleeschauwer: Sciensano, Service for Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
Nato Hundessa: National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta P.O. Box 04, Ethiopia
Ayelech Muluneh: National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta P.O. Box 04, Ethiopia
Daniel Gizaw: National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta P.O. Box 04, Ethiopia
Susanne Tinel: Laboratory of Host Pathogen Interaction, Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
Kris De Clercq: Sciensano, Service for Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
David Lefebvre: Sciensano, Service for Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
Jan Paeshuyse: Laboratory of Host Pathogen Interaction, Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium

Agriculture, 2021, vol. 12, issue 1, 1-19

Abstract: A cross-sectional serological, active outbreak search and a questionnaire-based survey were carried out to investigate foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) sero-epidemiology in Ethiopia. The circulating serotype of the FMD virus (FMDV) was identified, and the knowledge regarding FMD and husbandry practices was assessed. Using the questionnaire survey, a total of 237 individuals were interviewed, and the majority responded that there is no practice of reporting disease outbreak, free in and out movement of livestock, or share pastures, and they use traditional case management as a means of controlling the disease. A total of 1938 cattle, 490 domestic small ruminants, and 426 swine were sampled randomly for serological analysis using the 3ABC non-structural protein (NSP) enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. An overall prevalence of 25% in cattle, 5% in domestic small ruminants, and 2% in swine was recorded. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that cattle from the Oromia, Tigray, and Amhara regions had the highest probability of being sero-positive as compared with Addis Ababa odds ratio(OR)(OR: 4 (95% confidence interval (CI)(CI [3–6], 3 (95% CI [2,5]), and 2 (95% CI 2 [1,3]), respectively)). Older cattle (older than three years) and domestic small ruminants (>18 months) had a higher chance of being seropositive (OR: 2, 95% CI [1.6,3]) and (OR: 6, 95% CI [2,18]), respectively). Female and older swine older than three years of age had a higher chance of being sero-positive ( p < 0.05). Local breed cattle had the lowest chance (OR: 0.2. 95% CI [0.1–0.3]) of being sero-positive. A region, age, and breed proved to have a statistically significant association with sero-positivity ( p < 0.05) in cattle. Swine from Bishoftu were less likely to test positive than swine from Addis Ababa (OR: 0.04, 95% CI [0.01–0.3]). From 96 herds, 72 pooled outbreak samples were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), virus isolation, serotyping (antigen enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA)), sequencing, and phylogenetic tree analysis. Six serotype A (G-IV) FMD viruses and three serotype O east African (EA-3 and EA-4) FMDVs were identified. Thus, this study established the lack of disease outbreak reporting, poor husbandry problems, and the prevalence of FMD in three domestic species (cattle, small ruminant, and swine). In addition, continuous circulation of serotype A and O in the study area was confirmed.

Keywords: Ethiopia; FMDV; molecular characterization; outbreak; swine; risk factors; sero-pevalence; small ruminants; serotype (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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