Anti-Inflammatory and T-Cell Immunomodulatory Effects of Banana Peel Extracts and Selected Bioactive Components in LPS-Challenged In Vitro and In Vivo Models

Yong-Han Hong, Chieh Kao, Chi-Chang Chang, Fu-Kuei Chang, Tuzz-Ying Song, Jer-Yiing Houng () and Chi-Hao Wu ()
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Yong-Han Hong: Graduate Programs of Nutrition Science, School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan
Chieh Kao: School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
Chi-Chang Chang: School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
Fu-Kuei Chang: Department of Health Management, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
Tuzz-Ying Song: Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Foods on Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 51591, Taiwan
Jer-Yiing Houng: Department of Nutrition, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
Chi-Hao Wu: Graduate Programs of Nutrition Science, School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan

Agriculture, 2023, vol. 13, issue 2, 1-14

Abstract: Banana peel (BP) has potent antioxidative properties; however, the anti-inflammatory potential of BP and its related bioactive components remain unclear. This study used solvent extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to isolate and identify the active fractions and compounds in BP. BP was extracted with 95% ethanol (BP-95E) and partitioned with an ethyl acetate (EA) and water mixture to obtain the BP-95E-EA and BP-95E-H 2 O fractions. The BP-95E-EA fractions were further partitioned with n -hexane (Hex) and methanol (MeOH) mixtures to obtain BP-95E-EA-Hex and BP-95E-EA-MeOH subfractions, and the BP-95E-H 2 O fractions were partitioned with n -butanol (BuOH) to obtain BP-95E-H 2 O-BuOH subfractions and the H 2 O residual. The results show that the BP-95E-H 2 O-BuOH subfractions exhibited the most potent inhibition of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion while down-regulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. In this active subfraction, five non-polyphenol compounds were identified, namely, 5-hydroxyethyl furfural (5-HMF), guaiol, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and oleamide. 5-HMF, guaiol, and oleamide were the most effective at suppressing IL-6 and TNF-α secretion. The in vivo immunomodulatory action of BP was evaluated in an LPS-induced endotoxemia model of BALB/c mice. Oral administration of BP-95E-H 2 O-BuOH extracts (42 and 166 mg/kg b.w.) for two weeks lowered the serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α and normalized the activated T-cell population, as evidenced by an increase in CD 3 CD 69 and decrease in IFN-γ/IL-4 (Th1/Th2) in mice with systemic inflammation. Our findings reveal that BP exhibits anti-inflammatory and T-cell immunomodulatory effects that may contribute to delaying endotoxemia-associated disorders.

Keywords: banana peel extracts; LPS; inflammation; cytokine; T cell (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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