Apple Varieties Classification Using Deep Features and Machine Learning

Alper Taner (), Mahtem Teweldemedhin Mengstu, Kemal Çağatay Selvi, Hüseyin Duran, İbrahim Gür and Nicoleta Ungureanu ()
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Alper Taner: Department of Agricultural Machinery and Technologies Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
Mahtem Teweldemedhin Mengstu: Department of Agricultural Engineering, Hamelmalo Agricultural College, Keren P.O. Box 397, Eritrea
Kemal Çağatay Selvi: Department of Agricultural Machinery and Technologies Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
Hüseyin Duran: Department of Agricultural Machinery and Technologies Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
İbrahim Gür: Fruit Research Institute, 32500 Isparta, Turkey
Nicoleta Ungureanu: Department of Biotechnical Systems, Faculty of Biotechnical Systems Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania

Agriculture, 2024, vol. 14, issue 2, 1-14

Abstract: Having the advantages of speed, suitability and high accuracy, computer vision has been effectively utilized as a non-destructive approach to automatically recognize and classify fruits and vegetables, to meet the increased demand for food quality-sensing devices. Primarily, this study focused on classifying apple varieties using machine learning techniques. Firstly, to discern how different convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures handle different apple varieties, transfer learning approaches, using popular seven CNN architectures (VGG16, VGG19, InceptionV3, MobileNet, Xception, ResNet150V2 and DenseNet201), were adopted, taking advantage of the pre-trained models, and it was found that DenseNet201 had the highest (97.48%) classification accuracy. Secondly, using the DenseNet201, deep features were extracted and traditional Machine Learning (ML) models: support vector machine (SVM), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), random forest classifier (RFC) and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) were trained. It was observed that the classification accuracies were significantly improved and the best classification performance of 98.28% was obtained using SVM algorithms. Finally, the effect of dimensionality reduction in classification performance, deep features, principal component analysis (PCA) and ML models was investigated. MLP achieved an accuracy of 99.77%, outperforming SVM (99.08%), RFC (99.54%) and KNN (91.63%). Based on the performance measurement values obtained, our study achieved success in classifying apple varieties. Further investigation is needed to broaden the scope and usability of this technique, for an increased number of varieties, by increasing the size of the training data and the number of apple varieties.

Keywords: transfer learning; deep features; principal component analysis; machine learning; apple (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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