Performance Evaluation of a UAV-Based Graded Precision Spraying System: Analysis of Spray Accuracy, Response Errors, and Field Efficacy

Yang Lyu, Seung-Hwa Yu, Chun-Gu Lee, Pingan Wang, Yeong-Ho Kang, Dae-Hyun Lee and Xiongzhe Han ()
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Yang Lyu: Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
Seung-Hwa Yu: Department of Agricultural Engineering, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875, Republic of Korea
Chun-Gu Lee: Department of Agricultural Engineering, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875, Republic of Korea
Pingan Wang: Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
Yeong-Ho Kang: Department of Crops and Food, Jeonbuk State Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Iksan 54591, Republic of Korea
Dae-Hyun Lee: Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
Xiongzhe Han: Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea

Agriculture, 2025, vol. 15, issue 19, 1-23

Abstract: Advances in sensor technology have significantly improved the efficiency and precision of agricultural spraying. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are widely utilized for applying plant protection products (PPPs) and fertilizers, offering enhanced spatial control and operational flexibility. This study evaluated the performance of an autonomous UAV-based precision spraying system that applies variable rates based on zone levels defined in a prescription map. The system integrates real-time kinematic global navigation satellite system positioning with a proximity-triggered spray algorithm. Field experiments on a rice field were conducted to assess spray accuracy and fertilization efficacy with liquid fertilizer. Spray deposition patterns on water-sensitive paper showed that the graded strategy distinguished among zone levels, with the highest deposition in high-spray zones, moderate in medium zones, and minimal in no-spray zones. However, entry and exit deviations—used to measure system response delays—averaged 0.878 m and 0.955 m, respectively, indicating slight lags in spray activation and deactivation. Fertilization results showed that higher application levels significantly increased the grain-filling rate and thousand-grain weight (both p < 0.001), but had no significant effect on panicle number or grain count per panicle ( p > 0.05). This suggests that increased fertilization primarily enhances grain development rather than overall plant structure. Overall, the system shows strong potential to optimize inputs and yields, though UAV path tracking errors and system response delays require further refinement to enhance spray uniformity and accuracy under real-world applications.

Keywords: agricultural spraying; prescription map; water-sensitive paper; system response delay; fertilization efficacy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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