Impact of Different Sugar Syrups on the Development of the Fat Body in Worker Bees ( Apis mellifera macedonica )

Svilen B. Lazarov, Petya M. Veleva, Atanas Z. Atanasov (), Ivaylo S. Hristakov and Zlatko Puškadija
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Svilen B. Lazarov: Department Livestock-Non-Ruminant Animals and Special Industries, Trakia University, Students Campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
Petya M. Veleva: Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, Students Campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
Atanas Z. Atanasov: Department of Agricultural Machinery, Agrarian and Industrial Faculty, University of Ruse, Angel Kanchev, 7017 Ruse, Bulgaria
Ivaylo S. Hristakov: Department of Agricultural Machinery, Agrarian and Industrial Faculty, University of Ruse, Angel Kanchev, 7017 Ruse, Bulgaria
Zlatko Puškadija: Department of Beekeeping and Zoology, Faculty of Agrobiotehnical Sciences, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia

Agriculture, 2025, vol. 15, issue 1, 1-16

Abstract: Global climate change, intensive agriculture, and anthropogenic pollution adversely affect flowering plants and the vitality of bee colonies. In nutritional stress conditions, bees deplete the food reserves of their fat body to sustain colony life. Beekeepers play a critical role by providing supplemental nutrient solutions. This study examines the effects of various sugar syrups on the fat body development of worker bees ( Apis mellifera macedonica ). The colonies were divided into one control group and five experimental groups: one fed with 1:1 sugar/water syrup, one with 2:1 sugar/water syrup, one with inverted syrup (Apiinvert), one with HFCS (high-fructose corn syrup) (Isosweet), and one with 1:1 honey/water syrup. Fat body development was assessed through meticulous dissection, and the degrees of development were documented using a USB digital microscope (Bresser). The results indicate significant seasonal variations in fat body development, with winter depletion and recovery influenced by supplemental feeding. Apiinvert and honey/water syrup promoted higher fat body stages, while Isosweet led to elevated fifth degrees of development but raised concerns about potential toxicity due to the hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) formation of improperly stored syrups. This study concludes that adequate supplemental feeding with easily digestible sugars is critical for promoting fat body development, enhancing winter survival, and ensuring overall colony health. These findings provide practical guidance for beekeepers to optimize feeding strategies and support resilient bee colonies.

Keywords: honey bee; nutrient solutions; feeding; apiinvert; isosweet (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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