Microclimate Prediction of Solar Greenhouse with Pad–Fan Cooling Systems Using a Machine and Deep Learning Approach

Wenhe Liu, Yucong Li, Mengmeng Yang (), Kexin Pang, Zhanyang Xu, Mingze Yao, Yikui Bai and Feng Zhang
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Wenhe Liu: College of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
Yucong Li: College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
Mengmeng Yang: College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
Kexin Pang: College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
Zhanyang Xu: College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
Mingze Yao: College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
Yikui Bai: College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
Feng Zhang: College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China

Agriculture, 2025, vol. 15, issue 20, 1-50

Abstract: The growth environment of corps requires necessary improvements by Chinese solar greenhouses with Pad–Fan Cooling (PFC) systems for reducing their high temperatures in summer. Although computational fluid dynamics (CFD) could dynamically display the changes in humidity, temperature, and wind speed in solar greenhouses, its computational efficiency and accuracy are relatively low. In addition, the use of PFC systems can cool down solar greenhouses in summer, but they will also cause excessive humidity inside the greenhouses, thereby reducing the production efficiency of crops. Most existing studies only verify the effectiveness of a single machine learning (such as ARMA or ARIMA) or deep learning model (such as LSTM or TCN), lacking systematic comparison of different models. In the current study, two machine learning algorithms and three deep learning algorithms were used for their ability to predict a PFC system’s cooling effect, including on humidity, temperature, and wind speed, which were examined using Auto Regression Moving Average (ARMA), Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Time Convolutional Network (TCN), and Glavnoe Razvedivatelnoe Upravlenie (GRU), respectively. These results show that deep learning algorithms are significantly more effective than traditional machine learning algorithms in capturing the complex nonlinear relationships and spatiotemporal changes inside solar greenhouses. The LSTM model achieves R 2 values of 0.918 for temperature, 0.896 for humidity, and 0.849 for wind speed on the test set. TCN showed strong performance in identifying high-frequency fluctuations and extreme nonlinear features, particularly in wind speed prediction (test set R 2 = 0.861). However, it exhibited limitations in modeling certain temperature dynamics (e.g., T6 test set R 2 = 0.242) and humidity evaporation processes (e.g., T7 training set R 2 = −0.856). GRU delivered excellent performance, achieving a favorable balance between accuracy and efficiency. It attained the highest prediction accuracy for temperature (test set R 2 = 0.925) and humidity (test set R 2 = 0.901), and performed only slightly worse than TCN in wind speed prediction. In summary, deep learning models, particularly GRU, offer more reliable methodological support for greenhouse microclimate prediction, thereby facilitating the precise regulation of cooling systems and scientifically informed crop management.

Keywords: Chinese solar greenhouse; pad–fan cooling systems; microclimate of corps; machine learning; deep learning (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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