Co-Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Silicon Nanoparticles: A Strategy for Optimizing Volatile Profile, Phenolic Content, and Flower Yield in Rosa damascena Genotypes

Nasrin Gharaei, Ali Nikbakht (), Mehdi Rahimmalek and Antoni Szumny ()
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Nasrin Gharaei: Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
Ali Nikbakht: Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
Mehdi Rahimmalek: Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
Antoni Szumny: Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland

Agriculture, 2025, vol. 15, issue 21, 1-23

Abstract: This study investigated the individual and synergistic impacts of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation and foliar-applied silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) on the yield parameters, volatile profile, and phenolic composition of two Rosa damascena genotypes (D231 and C193). Experiments were conducted using a split–split–plot design, involving AMF inoculation (main plot), three SiNPs concentrations (subplot), and two rose genotypes (sub-subplot). The results demonstrated that AMF, SiNPs, and genotype all had significant and interactive effects on flower yield parameters. Foliar application of SiNPs, particularly when combined with AMF inoculation, consistently enhanced flowering parameters, including flower size, number, and weight across both genotypes. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) further confirmed that phenolic acids (vanillic acid and rutin) increased following foliar application of SiNPs and AMF root colonization, particularly in genotype C193. SPME-Arrow analysis revealed that alcohols, ketones, and terpenes were the predominant volatile constituents. Phenethyl alcohol was the most abundant compound, accounting for approximately 84.69% of the total aroma content and contributing significantly to the ‘rose’ aroma. Other major volatiles included 2-undecanone (4.42%), benzyl alcohol (2.97%), and citronellol (1.95%); however, their levels varied depending on treatment and genotype. These findings highlight that the combined application of AMF and SiNPs offers a sustainable approach to enhancing both the quantitative yield and qualitative phytochemical composition (essential oil components and phenolic compounds) of R. damascena , providing a scientific foundation for optimizing its production in organic farming systems.

Keywords: SPME-Arrow; HPLC; Rosa damascena; flower yield; silicon nanoparticles; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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