Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution: Comprehensive Analysis of Sources and Assessment Methods

Fida Hussain, Shakeel Ahmed, Syed Muhammad Zaigham Abbas Naqvi, Muhammad Awais, Yanyan Zhang, Hao Zhang, Vijaya Raghavan, Yiheng Zang, Guoqing Zhao () and Jiandong Hu ()
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Fida Hussain: College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Shakeel Ahmed: College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Syed Muhammad Zaigham Abbas Naqvi: College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Muhammad Awais: College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Yanyan Zhang: College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Hao Zhang: College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Vijaya Raghavan: Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Studies, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
Yiheng Zang: College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Guoqing Zhao: School of Management, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
Jiandong Hu: College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China

Agriculture, 2025, vol. 15, issue 5, 1-35

Abstract: Agricultural non-point source pollution (ANPSP) significantly affects worldwide water quality, soil integrity, and ecosystems. Primary factors are nutrient runoff, pesticide leaching, and inadequate livestock waste management. Nonetheless, a thorough assessment of ANPSP sources and efficient control techniques is still lacking. This research delineates the origins and present state of ANPSP, emphasizing its influence on agricultural practices, livestock, and rural waste management. It assesses current evaluation models, encompassing field- and watershed-scale methodologies, and investigates novel technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and the Internet of Things (IoT) that possess the potential to enhance pollution monitoring and predictive precision. The research examines strategies designed to alleviate ANPSP, such as sustainable agricultural practices, fertilizer reduction, and waste management technology, highlighting the necessity for integrated, real-time monitoring systems. This report presents a comprehensive analysis of current tactics, finds significant gaps, and offers recommendations for enhancing both research and policy initiatives to tackle ANPSP and foster sustainable farming practices.

Keywords: agricultural non-point source pollution; nutrient leaching and runoff; assessment techniques; sustainable agriculture; ecosystem stability (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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