The Simulation of Stomatal Aperture Size on the Upper and Lower Epidermis of Gynura formosana Kitam Leaves Based on Cellular Automata

Xinlong Shi, Yanbo Song, Xiaojing Shi, Penghui Li, Yun Wang, Liyan Jia () and Zhenyu Liu ()
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Xinlong Shi: College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
Yanbo Song: College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
Xiaojing Shi: College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
Penghui Li: College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
Yun Wang: College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
Liyan Jia: College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
Zhenyu Liu: College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China

Agriculture, 2025, vol. 15, issue 8, 1-21

Abstract: Stomata are essential structures in plants for gas exchange, and their opening and closing are influenced by complex external environmental factors. Using Gynura formosana Kitam as the research object, the regulation of stomatal aperture is crucial for ensuring healthy growth. By simulating and predicting the variation in stomatal aperture, it is possible to determine whether the stomatal response is adapted to environmental conditions. Furthermore, predicting environmental factors such as light intensity and electric fields can help adjust stomatal apertures to enhance Gynura formosana Kitam ’s adaptability to different conditions. To explore the impact of external factors like light and electric fields on stomatal aperture, this study employs a cellular automaton model, selecting a 24 h period to observe the stomatal variation law. By incorporating the multi-faceted influences of the external environment on the stomatal apertures of both the upper and lower epidermis of Gynura formosana Kitam leaves, a simulation model of stomatal opening and closing based on metacellular automata is proposed. Based on the physiological characteristics and opening and closing laws of stomata, the rule changes of stomatal opening and closing under different environmental conditions were defined, and the stomatal development area was divided into several two-dimensional and three-dimensional cellular spatial structures. The grid of cells in the structure with stomatal “open” and “closed” states was regarded as an intelligent agent. For different environments under the law of change and simulation of the law of change for simulation research, the simulation results and the actual results match, and the law is consistent. In order to ensure the accuracy of the simulation model, 100 training fits were carried out and the results were statistically analyzed, and the average error was kept within 0.05. This model effectively predicts the variations in stomatal apertures on the upper and lower epidermis of Gynura formosana Kitam leaves, providing a theoretical basis for implementing precise control and improving the economic benefits of Gynura formosana Kitam cultivation.

Keywords: intelligent agent; simulation; prediction; stomata (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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