Leadership: A Frame of Reference

Robert Tannenbaum and Fred Massarik
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Robert Tannenbaum: Institute of Industrial Relations and Graduate School of Business Administration, University of California, Los Angeles
Fred Massarik: Institute of Industrial Relations and Graduate School of Business Administration, University of California, Los Angeles

Management Science, 1957, vol. 4, issue 1, 1-19

Abstract: The word "leadership" has been widely used. Political orators, business executives, social workers, and scholars employ it in speech and writing. Yet, there is widespread disagreement as to its meaning. Among social scientists, the theoretical formulations of the leadership concept have continued to shift, focusing first upon one aspect and then upon another. Much still needs to be done to develop a basic, systematic theory. The time seems ripe for attempting a careful statement of a frame of reference which may serve to make available research more meaningful, and which may guide future research and practice. Specifically, such a frame of reference can perform the useful function of pointing to the variables which need to be measured. It can help us to state hypotheses concerning the key variables underlying leadership effectiveness. It can also provide meaningful objectives for the development of more adequate leaders.

Date: 1957
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