The labor market in Turkey, 2000-2024

Hasan Tekgüç

IZA World of Labor, 2025, No 520, 520

Abstract: In the first two decades of the 2000s, Turkey has relied on structural change from traditional to modern sectors on the one hand and educational compositional change on the other hand to create formal employment in the modern sector. In 2000 the share of formally employed salaried employees in total employment was less than 40% for men and 30% for women. By 2021, this ration converged to 60% for men and women. Formal employment has increased for both men and women and the gender gap in formal employment declined substantially until 2020. However, relying on structural change and education to improve job quality has likely run its course. Since Covid-19, time-related underemployment has increased from virtually zero to 10% of the labor force and wages are stagnating if not declining.

Keywords: wages; employment; Turkey; underemployment; educational composition; minimum wage (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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