Are societal-level values still relevant measures in the twenty-first century businessworld? A 39-society analysis

David A. Ralston (), Craig J. Russell (), Jane Terpstra-Tong (), Len J. Trevino (), Prem Ramburuth (), Malika Richards (), Tania Casado (), María Teresa Garza Carranza (), Irina Naoumova (), Yongjuan Li (), Narasimhan Srinivasan (), Tomasz Lenartowicz (), Olivier Furrer (), Ping Ping Fu (), Andre Pekerti (), Marina Dabic (), Ian Palmer (), Maria Kangasniemi (), Erna Szabo (), Jaime Ruiz Gutiérrez (), Emmanuelle Reynaud (), Fidel León Darder (), Ana Maria Rossi (), Florian Wangenheim (), Mario Molteni (), Arunas Starkus (), Audra Mockaitis (), Arif Butt (), Ilya Girson (), Ajantha S. Dharmasiri (), Min-Hsun Kuo (), Tevfik Dalgic (), Hung Vu Thanh (), Yong-lin Moon (), Philip Hallinger (), Vojko V. Potocan (), Joel Nicholson (), Laurie Milton (), Mark Weber (), Chay Hoon Lee (), Mahfooz Ansari (), Jose Pla-Barber (), Jorge C. Jesuino (), Ruth Alas (), Wade Danis (), Ho-Beng Chia (), Yongqing Fang (), Detelin Elenkov () and David M. Brock ()
Additional contact information
David A. Ralston: University Fellows International Research Consortium
Craig J. Russell: University of Oklahoma
Jane Terpstra-Tong: Monash University
Len J. Trevino: Florida Atlantic University
Prem Ramburuth: University of New South Wales
Malika Richards: Pennsylvania State University
Tania Casado: University of São Paulo
María Teresa Garza Carranza: Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya
Irina Naoumova: University of Hartford
Yongjuan Li: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Narasimhan Srinivasan: University of Connecticut
Tomasz Lenartowicz: Florida Atlantic University
Olivier Furrer: Université de Fribourg
Ping Ping Fu: University of Nottingham
Andre Pekerti: University of Queensland
Ian Palmer: Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology
Maria Kangasniemi: University of Eastern Finland
Erna Szabo: Johannes Kepler University
Jaime Ruiz Gutiérrez: Universidad de los Andes
Emmanuelle Reynaud: IAE d’Aix-en-Provence
Fidel León Darder: University of Valencia
Ana Maria Rossi: Clinica De Stress E Biofeedback
Florian Wangenheim: Technische Universitaet Muenchen
Mario Molteni: Catholic University of Milan
Arunas Starkus: CIBER-Vilnius
Audra Mockaitis: Maynooth University
Arif Butt: Lahore University of Management Sciences
Ilya Girson: University of Westminster
Ajantha S. Dharmasiri: University of Sri Jayewardenepura
Min-Hsun Kuo: National Central University
Tevfik Dalgic: University of Texas at Dallas
Hung Vu Thanh: National Economics University
Yong-lin Moon: Seoul National University
Philip Hallinger: Anabas Learning Ltd.
Vojko V. Potocan: University of Maribor
Joel Nicholson: San Francisco State University
Laurie Milton: University of Western Ontario
Mark Weber: Argosy University-Twin Cities
Chay Hoon Lee: Keppel Offshore & Marine
Mahfooz Ansari: University of Lethbridge
Jose Pla-Barber: University of Valencia
Jorge C. Jesuino: Instituto Superior de Ciencias Do Trabalho E da Empresa
Ruth Alas: Estonia Business School
Wade Danis: University of Victoria
Ho-Beng Chia: National University of Singapore
Yongqing Fang: University of Canberra
Detelin Elenkov: Marist College
David M. Brock: Ben-Gurion University

Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 2024, vol. 41, issue 1, No 1, 44 pages

Abstract: Abstract Since the days of Hofstede (1980), cross-cultural comparisons of countries based on societal-level work values have been a norm. This approach has been represented more recently in Ronen and Shenkar’s (2013) 11 clusters of country cultures. However, more contemporary research found within-country heterogeneity of values/behaviors is substantial and growing exponentially across today’s twenty-first century businessworld. We investigated, across a sample of 39 societies, whether work values variance within societies was greater than work values variance across societies, and whether individual work values differences contributed more to predictions of behavioral performance criteria than the society in which the individuals lived. Both sets of analyses addressed how work values conceived at societal-levels are relevant in understanding the twenty-first century businessworld. Our findings revealed first that there was substantial within-society values heterogeneity, which resulted in the failure to replicate Ronen and Shanker’s (2013) societal cluster aggregations. Second, we found individual-level values contributed significantly to the prediction of employees’ behaviors, while societal-level values contributed substantially less. These findings strongly suggest that cross-cultural studies of work values predictive power are most relevant when conducted at the individual-level. Finally, we also make available for future investigators a 51-society database containing 11,780 individual-level records.

Keywords: Individual-level analysis; Societal-level analysis; Business values dimensions (BVD); Subordinate influence ethics (SIE) behaviors; Cluster analysis; Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1007/s10490-022-09822-z

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