An African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic

Tuofu Zhu, Bette T. Korber, Andre J. Nahmias, Edward Hooper, Paul M. Sharp and David D. Ho ()
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Tuofu Zhu: Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University
Bette T. Korber: Los Alamos National Laboratory
Andre J. Nahmias: Emory University School of Medicine
Paul M. Sharp: University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre
David D. Ho: Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University

Nature, 1998, vol. 391, issue 6667, 594-597

Abstract: Abstract There is considerable genetic diversity among viruses of different subtypes (designated A to J) in the major group of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the form of HIV that is dominant in the global epidemic1,2,3. If available, HIV-1 sequences pre-dating the recognition of AIDS could be crucial in defining the time of origin and the subsequent evolution of these viruses in humans. The oldest known case of HIV-1 infection was reported to be that of a sailor from Manchester who died of an AIDS-like illness in 1959 (4–6); however, the authenticity of this case has not been confirmed7,8. Genetic analysis of sequences from clinical materials obtained from 1971 to 1976 from members of a Norwegian family infected earlier than 1971 showed that they carried viruses of the HIV-1 outlier group9,10, a variant form that is mainly restricted to West Africa1. Here we report the amplification and characterization of viral sequences from a 1959 African plasma sample that was previously found to be HIV-1 seropositive11. Multiple phylogenetic analyses not only authenticate this case as the oldest known HIV-1 infection, but also place its viral sequence near the ancestral node of subtypes B and D in the major group, indicating that these HIV-1 subtypes, and perhaps all major-group viruses, may have evolved from a single introduction into the African population not long before 1959.

Date: 1998
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DOI: 10.1038/35400

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