Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes

Feng Gao, Elizabeth Bailes, David L. Robertson, Yalu Chen, Cynthia M. Rodenburg, Scott F. Michael, Larry B. Cummins, Larry O. Arthur, Martine Peeters, George M. Shaw, Paul M. Sharp and Beatrice H. Hahn ()
Additional contact information
Feng Gao: University of Alabama at Birmingham
Elizabeth Bailes: Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre
David L. Robertson: Laboratory of Structural and Genetic Information, CNRS
Yalu Chen: University of Alabama at Birmingham
Cynthia M. Rodenburg: University of Alabama at Birmingham
Scott F. Michael: University of Alabama at Birmingham
Larry B. Cummins: Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research
Larry O. Arthur: AIDS Vaccine Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, SAIC Frederick
Martine Peeters: Laboratoire Retrovirus, ORSTOM
George M. Shaw: University of Alabama at Birmingham
Paul M. Sharp: Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre
Beatrice H. Hahn: University of Alabama at Birmingham

Nature, 1999, vol. 397, issue 6718, 436-441

Abstract: Abstract The human AIDS viruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) represent cross-species (zoonotic) infections1,2,3,4. Although the primate reservoir of HIV-2 has been clearly identified as the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys)2,4,5,6,7, the origin of HIV-1 remains uncertain. Viruses related to HIV-1 have been isolated from the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)8,9, but only three such SIVcpz infections have been documented1,10,11, one of which involved a virus so divergent11 that it might represent a different primate lentiviral lineage. In a search for the HIV-1 reservoir, we have now sequenced the genome of a new SIVcpz strain (SIVcpzUS) and have determined, by mitochondrial DNA analysis, the subspecies identity of all known SIVcpz-infected chimpanzees. We find that two chimpanzee subspecies in Africa, the central P. t. troglodytes and the eastern P. t. schweinfurthii, harbour SIVcpz and that their respective viruses form two highly divergent (but subspecies-specific) phylogenetic lineages. All HIV-1 strains known to infect man, including HIV-1 groups M, N and O, are closely related to just one of these SIVcpz lineages, that found in P. t. troglodytes. Moreover, we find that HIV-1 group N is a mosaic of SIVcpzUS- and HIV-1-related sequences, indicating an ancestral recombination event in a chimpanzee host. These results, together with the observation that the natural range of P. t. troglodytes coincides uniquely with areas of HIV-1 group M, N and O endemicity, indicate that P. t. troglodytes is the primary reservoir for HIV-1 and has been the source of at least three independent introductions of SIVcpz into the human population.

Date: 1999
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DOI: 10.1038/17130

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