Evidence for stabilizing selection in a eukaryotic enhancer element

Michael Z. Ludwig (), Casey Bergman, Nipam H. Patel and Martin Kreitman
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Michael Z. Ludwig: University of Chicago
Casey Bergman: University of Chicago
Nipam H. Patel: MC1028, N-101
Martin Kreitman: University of Chicago

Nature, 2000, vol. 403, issue 6769, 564-567

Abstract: Abstract Eukaryotic gene expression is mediated by compact cis-regulatory modules, or enhancers, which are bound by specific sets of transcription factors1. The combinatorial interaction of these bound transcription factors determines time- and tissue-specific gene activation or repression. The even-skipped stripe 2 element controls the expression of the second transverse stripe of even-skipped messenger RNA in Drosophila melanogaster embryos, and is one of the best characterized eukaryotic enhancers2,3,4. Although even-skipped stripe 2 expression is strongly conserved in Drosophila, the stripe 2 element itself has undergone considerable evolutionary change in its binding-site sequences and the spacing between them. We have investigated this apparent contradiction, and here we show that two chimaeric enhancers, constructed by swapping the 5′ and 3′ halves of the native stripe 2 elements of two species, no longer drive expression of a reporter gene in the wild-type pattern. Sequence differences between species have functional consequences, therefore, but they are masked by other co-evolved differences. On the basis of these results, we present a model for the evolution of eukaryotic regulatory sequences.

Date: 2000
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DOI: 10.1038/35000615

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