Observation of high-energy neutrinos using Čerenkov detectors embedded deep in Antarctic ice

Andrés, E.; Askebjer, P.; Bai, X.; Barouch, G.; Barwick, S. W.; Bay, R. C.; Becker, K.-H.; Bergström, L.; Bertrand, D.; Bierenbaum, D.; Biron, A.; Booth, J.; Botner, O.; Bouchta, A.; Boyce, M. M.; Carius, S.; Chen, A.; Chirkin, D.; Conrad, J.; Cooley, J.; Costa, C. G. S.; Cowen, D. F.; Dailing, J.; Dalberg, E.; DeYoung, T.; Desiati, P.; Dewulf, J.-P.; Doksus, P.; Edsjö, J.; Ekström, P.; Erlandsson, B.; Feser, T.; Gaug, M.; Goldschmidt, A.; Goobar, A.; Gray, L.; Haase, H.; Hallgren, A.; Halzen, F.; Hanson, K.; Hardtke, R.; He, Y. D.; Hellwig, M.; Heukenkamp, H.; Hill, G. C.; Hulth, P. O.; Hundertmark, S.; Jacobsen, J.; Kandhadai, V.; Karle, A.; Kim, J.; Koci, B.; Köpke, L.; Kowalski, M.; Leich, H.; Leuthold, M.; Lindahl, P.; Liubarsky, I.; Loaiza, P.; Lowder, D. M.; Ludvig, J.; Madsen, J.; Marciniewski, P.; Matis, H. S.; Mihalyi, A.; Mikolajski, T.; Miller, T. C.; Minaeva, Y.; Miočinović, P.; Mock, P. C.; Morse, R.; Neunhöffer, T.; Newcomer, F. M.; Niessen, P.; Nygren, D. R.; Ögelman, H.; de los Heros, C. Pérez; Porrata, R.; Price, P. B.; Rawlins, K.; Reed, C.; Rhode, W.; Richards, A.; Richter, S.; Martino, J. Rodríguez; Romenesko, P.; Ross, D.; Rubinstein, H.; Sander, H.-G.; Scheider, T.; Schmidt, T.; Schneider, D.; Schneider, E.; Schwarz, R.; Silvestri, A.; Solarz, M.; Spiczak, G. M.; Spiering, C.; Starinsky, N.; Steele, D.; Steffen, P.; Stokstad, R. G.; Streicher, O.; Sun, Q.; Taboada, I.; Thollander, L.; Thon, T.; Tilav, S.; Usechak, N.; Donckt, M. Vander; Walck, C.; Weinheimer, C.; Wiebusch, C. H.; Wischnewski, R.; Wissing, H.; Woschnagg, K.; Wu, W.; Yodh, G.; Young, S.

Observation of high-energy neutrinos using Čerenkov detectors embedded deep in Antarctic ice

E. Andrés, P. Askebjer, X. Bai, G. Barouch, S. W. Barwick, R. C. Bay, K.-H. Becker, L. Bergström, D. Bertrand, D. Bierenbaum, A. Biron, J. Booth, O. Botner, A. Bouchta, M. M. Boyce, S. Carius, A. Chen, D. Chirkin, J. Conrad, J. Cooley, C. G. S. Costa, D. F. Cowen, J. Dailing, E. Dalberg, T. DeYoung, P. Desiati, J.-P. Dewulf, P. Doksus, J. Edsjö, P. Ekström, B. Erlandsson, T. Feser, M. Gaug, A. Goldschmidt, A. Goobar, L. Gray, H. Haase, A. Hallgren, F. Halzen (), K. Hanson, R. Hardtke, Y. D. He, M. Hellwig, H. Heukenkamp, G. C. Hill, P. O. Hulth, S. Hundertmark, J. Jacobsen, V. Kandhadai, A. Karle, J. Kim, B. Koci, L. Köpke, M. Kowalski, H. Leich, M. Leuthold, P. Lindahl, I. Liubarsky, P. Loaiza, D. M. Lowder, J. Ludvig, J. Madsen, P. Marciniewski, H. S. Matis, A. Mihalyi, T. Mikolajski, T. C. Miller, Y. Minaeva, P. Miočinović, P. C. Mock, R. Morse, T. Neunhöffer, F. M. Newcomer, P. Niessen, D. R. Nygren, H. Ögelman, C. Pérez de los Heros, R. Porrata, P. B. Price, K. Rawlins, C. Reed, W. Rhode, A. Richards, S. Richter, J. Rodríguez Martino, P. Romenesko, D. Ross, H. Rubinstein, H.-G. Sander, T. Scheider, T. Schmidt, D. Schneider, E. Schneider, R. Schwarz, A. Silvestri, M. Solarz, G. M. Spiczak, C. Spiering, N. Starinsky, D. Steele, P. Steffen, R. G. Stokstad, O. Streicher, Q. Sun, I. Taboada, L. Thollander, T. Thon, S. Tilav, N. Usechak, M. Vander Donckt, C. Walck, C. Weinheimer, C. H. Wiebusch, R. Wischnewski, H. Wissing, K. Woschnagg, W. Wu, G. Yodh and S. Young
Additional contact information
E. Andrés: University of Wisconsin
P. Askebjer: Fysikum, Stockholm University
X. Bai: Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware
G. Barouch: University of Wisconsin
S. W. Barwick: University of California
R. C. Bay: University of California
K.-H. Becker: Fachbereich 8 Physik, BUGH Wuppertal
L. Bergström: Fysikum, Stockholm University
D. Bertrand: Brussels Free University, Science Faculty CP230
D. Bierenbaum: University of California
A. Biron: DESY-Zeuthen
J. Booth: University of California
O. Botner: Uppsala University
A. Bouchta: DESY-Zeuthen
M. M. Boyce: University of Wisconsin
S. Carius: Kalmar University
A. Chen: University of Wisconsin
D. Chirkin: University of California
J. Conrad: Uppsala University
J. Cooley: University of Wisconsin
C. G. S. Costa: Brussels Free University, Science Faculty CP230
D. F. Cowen: University of Pennsylvania
J. Dailing: University of California
E. Dalberg: Fysikum, Stockholm University
T. DeYoung: University of Wisconsin
P. Desiati: DESY-Zeuthen
J.-P. Dewulf: Brussels Free University, Science Faculty CP230
P. Doksus: University of Wisconsin
J. Edsjö: Fysikum, Stockholm University
P. Ekström: Fysikum, Stockholm University
B. Erlandsson: Fysikum, Stockholm University
T. Feser: Institute of Physics, University of Mainz
M. Gaug: DESY-Zeuthen
A. Goldschmidt: Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
A. Goobar: Fysikum, Stockholm University
L. Gray: University of Wisconsin
H. Haase: DESY-Zeuthen
A. Hallgren: Uppsala University
F. Halzen: University of Wisconsin
K. Hanson: University of Pennsylvania
R. Hardtke: University of Wisconsin
Y. D. He: University of California
M. Hellwig: Institute of Physics, University of Mainz
H. Heukenkamp: DESY-Zeuthen
G. C. Hill: University of Wisconsin
P. O. Hulth: Fysikum, Stockholm University
S. Hundertmark: University of California
J. Jacobsen: Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
V. Kandhadai: University of Wisconsin
A. Karle: University of Wisconsin
J. Kim: University of California
B. Koci: University of Wisconsin
L. Köpke: Institute of Physics, University of Mainz
M. Kowalski: DESY-Zeuthen
H. Leich: DESY-Zeuthen
M. Leuthold: DESY-Zeuthen
P. Lindahl: Kalmar University
I. Liubarsky: University of Wisconsin
P. Loaiza: Uppsala University
D. M. Lowder: University of California
J. Ludvig: Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
J. Madsen: University of Wisconsin
P. Marciniewski: Uppsala University
H. S. Matis: Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
A. Mihalyi: University of Pennsylvania
T. Mikolajski: DESY-Zeuthen
T. C. Miller: Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware
Y. Minaeva: Fysikum, Stockholm University
P. Miočinović: University of California
P. C. Mock: University of California
R. Morse: University of Wisconsin
T. Neunhöffer: Institute of Physics, University of Mainz
F. M. Newcomer: University of Pennsylvania
P. Niessen: DESY-Zeuthen
D. R. Nygren: Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
H. Ögelman: University of Wisconsin
C. Pérez de los Heros: Uppsala University
R. Porrata: University of California
P. B. Price: University of California
K. Rawlins: University of Wisconsin
C. Reed: University of California
W. Rhode: Fachbereich 8 Physik, BUGH Wuppertal
A. Richards: University of California
S. Richter: DESY-Zeuthen
J. Rodríguez Martino: Fysikum, Stockholm University
P. Romenesko: University of Wisconsin
D. Ross: University of California
H. Rubinstein: Fysikum, Stockholm University
H.-G. Sander: Institute of Physics, University of Mainz
T. Scheider: Institute of Physics, University of Mainz
T. Schmidt: DESY-Zeuthen
D. Schneider: University of Wisconsin
E. Schneider: University of California
R. Schwarz: University of Wisconsin
A. Silvestri: Fachbereich 8 Physik, BUGH Wuppertal
M. Solarz: University of California
G. M. Spiczak: Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware
C. Spiering: DESY-Zeuthen
N. Starinsky: University of Wisconsin
D. Steele: University of Wisconsin
P. Steffen: DESY-Zeuthen
R. G. Stokstad: Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
O. Streicher: DESY-Zeuthen
Q. Sun: Fysikum, Stockholm University
I. Taboada: University of Pennsylvania
L. Thollander: Fysikum, Stockholm University
T. Thon: DESY-Zeuthen
S. Tilav: University of Wisconsin
N. Usechak: University of California
M. Vander Donckt: Brussels Free University, Science Faculty CP230
C. Walck: Fysikum, Stockholm University
C. Weinheimer: Institute of Physics, University of Mainz
C. H. Wiebusch: DESY-Zeuthen
R. Wischnewski: DESY-Zeuthen
H. Wissing: DESY-Zeuthen
K. Woschnagg: University of California
W. Wu: University of California
G. Yodh: University of California
S. Young: University of California

Nature, 2001, vol. 410, issue 6827, 441-443

Abstract: Abstract Neutrinos are elementary particles that carry no electric charge and have little mass. As they interact only weakly with other particles, they can penetrate enormous amounts of matter, and therefore have the potential to directly convey astrophysical information from the edge of the Universe and from deep inside the most cataclysmic high-energy regions1. The neutrino's great penetrating power, however, also makes this particle difficult to detect. Underground detectors have observed low-energy neutrinos from the Sun and a nearby supernova2, as well as neutrinos generated in the Earth's atmosphere. But the very low fluxes of high-energy neutrinos from cosmic sources can be observed only by much larger, expandable detectors in, for example, deep water3,4 or ice5. Here we report the detection of upwardly propagating atmospheric neutrinos by the ice-based Antarctic muon and neutrino detector array (AMANDA). These results establish a technology with which to build a kilometre-scale neutrino observatory necessary for astrophysical observations1.

Date: 2001
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DOI: 10.1038/35068509

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