Bose–Einstein condensation of atomic gases

James R. Anglin and Wolfgang Ketterle
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James R. Anglin: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Wolfgang Ketterle: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Nature, 2002, vol. 416, issue 6877, 211-218

Abstract: Abstract The early experiments on Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute atomic gases accomplished three long-standing goals. First, cooling of neutral atoms into their motional ground state, thus subjecting them to ultimate control, limited only by Heisenberg's uncertainty relation. Second, creation of a coherent sample of atoms, in which all occupy the same quantum state, and the realization of atom lasers — devices that output coherent matter waves. And third, creation of a gaseous quantum fluid, with properties that are different from the quantum liquids helium-3 and helium-4. The field of Bose–Einstein condensation of atomic gases has continued to progress rapidly, driven by the combination of new experimental techniques and theoretical advances. The family of quantum-degenerate gases has grown, and now includes metastable and fermionic atoms. Condensates have become an ultralow-temperature laboratory for atom optics, collisional physics and many-body physics, encompassing phonons, superfluidity, quantized vortices, Josephson junctions and quantum phase transitions.

Date: 2002
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DOI: 10.1038/416211a

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