Experimental realization of the quantum universal NOT gate

F. De Martini (), V. Bužek, F. Sciarrino and C. Sias
Additional contact information
F. De Martini: Università “La Sapienza”
V. Bužek: Slovak Academy of Sciences
F. Sciarrino: Università “La Sapienza”
C. Sias: Università “La Sapienza”

Nature, 2002, vol. 419, issue 6909, 815-818

Abstract: Abstract In classical computation, a ‘bit’ of information can be flipped (that is, changed in value from zero to one and vice versa) using a logical NOT gate; but the quantum analogue of this process is much more complicated. A quantum bit (qubit) can exist simultaneously in a superposition of two logical states with complex amplitudes, and it is impossible1,2,3 to find a universal transformation that would flip the original superposed state into a perpendicular state for all values of the amplitudes. But although perfect flipping of a qubit prepared in an arbitrary state (a universal NOT operation) is prohibited by the rules of quantum mechanics, there exists an optimal approximation2 to this procedure. Here we report the experimental realization of a universal quantum machine4 that performs the best possible approximation to the universal NOT transformation. The system adopted was an optical parametric amplifier of entangled photon states, which also enabled us to investigate universal quantum cloning.

Date: 2002
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DOI: 10.1038/nature01093

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