Melanopsin and rod–cone photoreceptive systems account for all major accessory visual functions in mice

S. Hattar, R. J. Lucas, N. Mrosovsky, S. Thompson, R. H. Douglas, M. W. Hankins, J. Lem, M. Biel, F. Hofmann, R. G. Foster and K.-W. Yau ()
Additional contact information
S. Hattar: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
R. J. Lucas: Imperial College London
N. Mrosovsky: University of Toronto
S. Thompson: Imperial College London
R. H. Douglas: City University
M. W. Hankins: Imperial College London
J. Lem: Tufts University School of Medicine
M. Biel: Lehrstuhl Pharmakologie für Naturwissenschaften, Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München
F. Hofmann: Technische Universität München
R. G. Foster: Imperial College London
K.-W. Yau: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Nature, 2003, vol. 424, issue 6944, 75-81

Abstract: Abstract In the mammalian retina, besides the conventional rod–cone system, a melanopsin-associated photoreceptive system exists that conveys photic information for accessory visual functions such as pupillary light reflex and circadian photo-entrainment1,2,3,4,5,6,7. On ablation of the melanopsin gene, retinal ganglion cells that normally express melanopsin are no longer intrinsically photosensitive8. Furthermore, pupil reflex8, light-induced phase delays of the circadian clock9,10 and period lengthening of the circadian rhythm in constant light9,10 are all partially impaired. Here, we investigated whether additional photoreceptive systems participate in these responses. Using mice lacking rods and cones, we measured the action spectrum for phase-shifting the circadian rhythm of locomotor behaviour. This spectrum matches that for the pupillary light reflex in mice of the same genotype11, and that for the intrinsic photosensitivity of the melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells7. We have also generated mice lacking melanopsin coupled with disabled rod and cone phototransduction mechanisms. These animals have an intact retina but fail to show any significant pupil reflex, to entrain to light/dark cycles, and to show any masking response to light. Thus, the rod–cone and melanopsin systems together seem to provide all of the photic input for these accessory visual functions.

Date: 2003
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DOI: 10.1038/nature01761

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