Direct observation of Tomonaga–Luttinger-liquid state in carbon nanotubes at low temperatures

Hiroyoshi Ishii, Hiromichi Kataura (), Hidetsugu Shiozawa, Hideo Yoshioka, Hideo Otsubo, Yasuhiro Takayama, Tsuneaki Miyahara, Shinzo Suzuki, Yohji Achiba, Masashi Nakatake, Takamasa Narimura, Mitsuharu Higashiguchi, Kenya Shimada, Hirofumi Namatame and Masaki Taniguchi
Additional contact information
Hiroyoshi Ishii: Tokyo Metropolitan University
Hiromichi Kataura: Tokyo Metropolitan University
Hidetsugu Shiozawa: Tokyo Metropolitan University
Hideo Yoshioka: Nara Women's University
Hideo Otsubo: Tokyo Metropolitan University
Yasuhiro Takayama: Tokyo Metropolitan University
Tsuneaki Miyahara: Tokyo Metropolitan University
Shinzo Suzuki: Tokyo Metropolitan University
Yohji Achiba: Tokyo Metropolitan University
Masashi Nakatake: Photon Factory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
Takamasa Narimura: Hiroshima University
Mitsuharu Higashiguchi: Hiroshima University
Kenya Shimada: Hiroshima University
Hirofumi Namatame: Hiroshima University
Masaki Taniguchi: Hiroshima University

Nature, 2003, vol. 426, issue 6966, 540-544

Abstract: Abstract The electronic transport properties of conventional three-dimensional metals are successfully described by Fermi-liquid theory. But when the dimensionality of such a system is reduced to one, the Fermi-liquid state becomes unstable to Coulomb interactions, and the conduction electrons should instead behave according to Tomonaga–Luttinger-liquid (TLL) theory. Such a state reveals itself through interaction-dependent anomalous exponents in the correlation functions, density of states and momentum distribution of the electrons1,2,3. Metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are considered to be ideal one-dimensional systems for realizing TLL states4,5,6. Indeed, the results of transport measurements on metal–SWNT and SWNT–SWNT junctions have been attributed7,8,9 to the effects of tunnelling into or between TLLs, although there remains some ambiguity in these interpretations10. Direct observations of the electronic states in SWNTs are therefore needed to resolve these uncertainties. Here we report angle-integrated photoemission measurements of SWNTs. Our results reveal an oscillation in the π-electron density of states owing to one-dimensional van Hove singularities, confirming the one-dimensional nature of the valence band. The spectral function and intensities at the Fermi level both exhibit power-law behaviour (with almost identical exponents) in good agreement with theoretical predictions for the TLL state in SWNTs.

Date: 2003
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DOI: 10.1038/nature02074

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