Whole-lake carbon-13 additions reveal terrestrial support of aquatic food webs

Michael L. Pace (), Jonathan J. Cole, Stephen R. Carpenter, James F. Kitchell, James R. Hodgson, Matthew C. Van de Bogert, Darren L. Bade, Emma S. Kritzberg and David Bastviken
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Michael L. Pace: Institute of Ecosystem Studies
Jonathan J. Cole: Institute of Ecosystem Studies
Stephen R. Carpenter: University of Wisconsin
James F. Kitchell: University of Wisconsin
James R. Hodgson: St. Norbert College
Matthew C. Van de Bogert: Institute of Ecosystem Studies
Darren L. Bade: University of Wisconsin
Emma S. Kritzberg: Lund University
David Bastviken: Linköping University

Nature, 2004, vol. 427, issue 6971, 240-243

Abstract: Abstract Ecosystems are supported by organic carbon from two distinct sources. Endogenous carbon is produced by photosynthesis within an ecosystem by autotrophic organisms. Exogenous carbon is produced elsewhere and transported into ecosystems. Consumers may use exogenous carbon with consequent influences on population dynamics, predator–prey relationships and ecosystem processes1. For example, exogenous inputs provide resources that may enhance consumer abundance beyond levels supported by within-system primary production2. Exogenous fluxes of organic carbon to ecosystems are often large, but this material is recalcitrant and difficult to assimilate, in contrast to endogenously produced organic matter, which is used more easily3,4. Here we show, by the experimental manipulation of dissolved inorganic 13C in two lakes, that internal primary production is insufficient to support the food webs of these ecosystems. Additions of NaH13CO3 enriched the 13C content of dissolved inorganic carbon, particulate organic carbon, zooplankton and fish. Dynamics of 13C indicate that 40–55% of particulate organic carbon and 22–50% of zooplankton carbon are derived from terrestrial sources, showing that there is significant subsidy of these ecosystems by organic carbon produced outside their boundaries.

Date: 2004
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DOI: 10.1038/nature02227

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