Predictability of El Niño over the past 148 years

Dake Chen (), Mark A. Cane, Alexey Kaplan, Stephen E. Zebiak and Daji Huang
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Dake Chen: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University
Mark A. Cane: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University
Alexey Kaplan: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University
Stephen E. Zebiak: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University
Daji Huang: State Oceanic Administration

Nature, 2004, vol. 428, issue 6984, 733-736

Abstract: Abstract Forecasts of El Niño climate events are routinely provided and distributed, but the limits of El Niño predictability are still the subject of debate. Some recent studies suggest that the predictability is largely limited by the effects of high-frequency atmospheric ‘noise’1,2,3,4,5,6,7, whereas others emphasize limitations arising from the growth of initial errors in model simulations8,9,10. Here we present retrospective forecasts of the interannual climate fluctuations in the tropical Pacific Ocean for the period 1857 to 2003, using a coupled ocean–atmosphere model. The model successfully predicts all prominent El Niño events within this period at lead times of up to two years. Our analysis suggests that the evolution of El Niño is controlled to a larger degree by self-sustaining internal dynamics than by stochastic forcing. Model-based prediction of El Niño therefore depends more on the initial conditions than on unpredictable atmospheric noise. We conclude that throughout the past century, El Niño has been more predictable than previously envisaged.

Date: 2004
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DOI: 10.1038/nature02439

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