The sub-energetic γ-ray burst GRB 031203 as a cosmic analogue to the nearby GRB 980425

A. M. Soderberg (), S. R. Kulkarni, E. Berger, D. W. Fox, M. Sako, D. A. Frail, A. Gal-Yam, D. S. Moon, S. B. Cenko, S. A. Yost, M. M. Phillips, S. E. Persson, W. L. Freedman, P. Wyatt, R. Jayawardhana and D. Paulson
Additional contact information
A. M. Soderberg: California Institute of Technology
S. R. Kulkarni: California Institute of Technology
E. Berger: California Institute of Technology
D. W. Fox: California Institute of Technology
M. Sako: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
D. A. Frail: National Radio Astronomy Observatory
A. Gal-Yam: California Institute of Technology
D. S. Moon: California Institute of Technology
S. B. Cenko: California Institute of Technology
S. A. Yost: California Institute of Technology
M. M. Phillips: Carnegie Observatories
S. E. Persson: Carnegie Observatories
W. L. Freedman: Carnegie Observatories
P. Wyatt: Carnegie Observatories
R. Jayawardhana: University of Michigan
D. Paulson: University of Michigan

Nature, 2004, vol. 430, issue 7000, 648-650

Abstract: Abstract Over the six years since the discovery1 of the γ-ray burst GRB 980425, which was associated2 with the nearby (distance ∼40 Mpc) supernova 1998bw, astronomers have debated fiercely the nature of this event. Relative to bursts located at cosmological distance (redshift z ≈ 1), GRB 980425 was under-luminous in γ-rays by three orders of magnitude. Radio calorimetry3,4 showed that the explosion was sub-energetic by a factor of 10. Here we report observations of the radio and X-ray afterglow of the recent GRB 031203 (refs 5–7), which has a redshift of z = 0.105. We demonstrate that it too is sub-energetic which, when taken together with the low γ-ray luminosity7, suggests that GRB 031203 is the first cosmic analogue to GRB 980425. We find no evidence that this event was a highly collimated explosion viewed off-axis. Like GRB 980425, GRB 031203 appears to be an intrinsically sub-energetic γ-ray burst. Such sub-energetic events have faint afterglows. We expect intensive follow-up of faint bursts with smooth γ-ray light curves8,9 (common to both GRB 031203 and 980425) to reveal a large population of such events.

Date: 2004
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DOI: 10.1038/nature02757

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