Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny

Timothy Y. James (), Frank Kauff, Conrad L. Schoch, P. Brandon Matheny, Valérie Hofstetter, Cymon J. Cox, Gail Celio, Cécile Gueidan, Emily Fraker, Jolanta Miadlikowska, H. Thorsten Lumbsch, Alexandra Rauhut, Valérie Reeb, A. Elizabeth Arnold, Anja Amtoft, Jason E. Stajich, Kentaro Hosaka, Gi-Ho Sung, Desiree Johnson, Ben O’Rourke, Michael Crockett, Manfred Binder, Judd M. Curtis, Jason C. Slot, Zheng Wang, Andrew W. Wilson, Arthur Schüßler, Joyce E. Longcore, Kerry O’Donnell, Sharon Mozley-Standridge, David Porter, Peter M. Letcher, Martha J. Powell, John W. Taylor, Merlin M. White, Gareth W. Griffith, David R. Davies, Richard A. Humber, Joseph B. Morton, Junta Sugiyama, Amy Y. Rossman, Jack D. Rogers, Don H. Pfister, David Hewitt, Karen Hansen, Sarah Hambleton, Robert A. Shoemaker, Jan Kohlmeyer, Brigitte Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, Robert A. Spotts, Maryna Serdani, Pedro W. Crous, Karen W. Hughes, Kenji Matsuura, Ewald Langer, Gitta Langer, Wendy A. Untereiner, Robert Lücking, Burkhard Büdel, David M. Geiser, André Aptroot, Paul Diederich, Imke Schmitt, Matthias Schultz, Rebecca Yahr, David S. Hibbett, François Lutzoni, David J. McLaughlin, Joseph W. Spatafora and Rytas Vilgalys ()
Additional contact information
Timothy Y. James: Duke University
Frank Kauff: Duke University
Conrad L. Schoch: Oregon State University
P. Brandon Matheny: Clark University
Valérie Hofstetter: Duke University
Cymon J. Cox: Duke University
Gail Celio: University of Minnesota
Cécile Gueidan: Duke University
Emily Fraker: Duke University
Jolanta Miadlikowska: Duke University
H. Thorsten Lumbsch: Field Museum of Natural History
Alexandra Rauhut: Fachbereich Biologie, Abteilung Pflanzenökologie und Systematik
Valérie Reeb: Duke University
A. Elizabeth Arnold: Duke University
Anja Amtoft: New York Botanical Garden
Jason E. Stajich: Duke University
Kentaro Hosaka: Oregon State University
Gi-Ho Sung: Oregon State University
Desiree Johnson: Oregon State University
Ben O’Rourke: Oregon State University
Michael Crockett: Oregon State University
Manfred Binder: Clark University
Judd M. Curtis: Clark University
Jason C. Slot: Clark University
Zheng Wang: Clark University
Andrew W. Wilson: Clark University
Arthur Schüßler: Darmstadt University of Technology
Joyce E. Longcore: University of Maine
Kerry O’Donnell: National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA Agricultural Research Service
Sharon Mozley-Standridge: University of Georgia
David Porter: University of Georgia
Peter M. Letcher: University of Alabama
Martha J. Powell: University of Alabama
John W. Taylor: University of California
Merlin M. White: University of Kansas
Gareth W. Griffith: University of Wales
David R. Davies: Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan
Richard A. Humber: USDA-ARS Plant Protection Research Unit
Joseph B. Morton: West Virginia University
Junta Sugiyama: TechnoSuruga, Chiyoda-ku
Amy Y. Rossman: USDA Agricultural Research Service
Jack D. Rogers: Washington State University
Don H. Pfister: Harvard University Herbaria
David Hewitt: Harvard University Herbaria
Karen Hansen: Harvard University Herbaria
Sarah Hambleton: Biodiversity (Mycology and Botany), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Robert A. Shoemaker: Biodiversity (Mycology and Botany), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Jan Kohlmeyer: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Brigitte Volkmann-Kohlmeyer: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Robert A. Spotts: Oregon State University
Maryna Serdani: Oregon State University
Pedro W. Crous: Fungal Biodiversity Centre
Karen W. Hughes: University of Tennessee
Kenji Matsuura: Okayama University
Ewald Langer: Universität Kassel
Gitta Langer: Universität Kassel
Wendy A. Untereiner: Brandon University
Robert Lücking: Field Museum of Natural History
Burkhard Büdel: Fachbereich Biologie, Abteilung Pflanzenökologie und Systematik
David M. Geiser: Penn State University
André Aptroot: Adviesbureau voor Bryologie en Lichenologie
Paul Diederich: Musée national d’histoire naturelle
Imke Schmitt: Field Museum of Natural History
Matthias Schultz: Universität Hamburg, Systematik der Pflanzen
Rebecca Yahr: Duke University
David S. Hibbett: Clark University
François Lutzoni: Duke University
David J. McLaughlin: University of Minnesota
Joseph W. Spatafora: Oregon State University
Rytas Vilgalys: Duke University

Nature, 2006, vol. 443, issue 7113, 818-822

Abstract: Abstract The ancestors of fungi are believed to be simple aquatic forms with flagellated spores, similar to members of the extant phylum Chytridiomycota (chytrids). Current classifications assume that chytrids form an early-diverging clade within the kingdom Fungi and imply a single loss of the spore flagellum, leading to the diversification of terrestrial fungi. Here we develop phylogenetic hypotheses for Fungi using data from six gene regions and nearly 200 species. Our results indicate that there may have been at least four independent losses of the flagellum in the kingdom Fungi. These losses of swimming spores coincided with the evolution of new mechanisms of spore dispersal, such as aerial dispersal in mycelial groups and polar tube eversion in the microsporidia (unicellular forms that lack mitochondria). The enigmatic microsporidia seem to be derived from an endoparasitic chytrid ancestor similar to Rozella allomycis, on the earliest diverging branch of the fungal phylogenetic tree.

Date: 2006
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DOI: 10.1038/nature05110

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