Genome sequence and analysis of the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans

Brian J. Haas, Sophien Kamoun (), Michael C. Zody, Rays H. Y. Jiang, Robert E. Handsaker, Liliana M. Cano, Manfred Grabherr, Chinnappa D. Kodira, Sylvain Raffaele, Trudy Torto-Alalibo, Tolga O. Bozkurt, Audrey M. V. Ah-Fong, Lucia Alvarado, Vicky L. Anderson, Miles R. Armstrong, Anna Avrova, Laura Baxter, Jim Beynon, Petra C. Boevink, Stephanie R. Bollmann, Jorunn I. B. Bos, Vincent Bulone, Guohong Cai, Cahid Cakir, James C. Carrington, Megan Chawner, Lucio Conti, Stefano Costanzo, Richard Ewan, Noah Fahlgren, Michael A. Fischbach, Johanna Fugelstad, Eleanor M. Gilroy, Sante Gnerre, Pamela J. Green, Laura J. Grenville-Briggs, John Griffith, Niklaus J. Grünwald, Karolyn Horn, Neil R. Horner, Chia-Hui Hu, Edgar Huitema, Dong-Hoon Jeong, Alexandra M. E. Jones, Jonathan D. G. Jones, Richard W. Jones, Elinor K. Karlsson, Sridhara G. Kunjeti, Kurt Lamour, Zhenyu Liu, LiJun Ma, Daniel MacLean, Marcus C. Chibucos, Hayes McDonald, Jessica McWalters, Harold J. G. Meijer, William Morgan, Paul F. Morris, Carol A. Munro, Keith O’Neill, Manuel Ospina-Giraldo, Andrés Pinzón, Leighton Pritchard, Bernard Ramsahoye, Qinghu Ren, Silvia Restrepo, Sourav Roy, Ari Sadanandom, Alon Savidor, Sebastian Schornack, David C. Schwartz, Ulrike D. Schumann, Ben Schwessinger, Lauren Seyer, Ted Sharpe, Cristina Silvar, Jing Song, David J. Studholme, Sean Sykes, Marco Thines, Peter J. I. van de Vondervoort, Vipaporn Phuntumart, Stephan Wawra, Rob Weide, Joe Win, Carolyn Young, Shiguo Zhou, William Fry, Blake C. Meyers, Pieter van West, Jean Ristaino, Francine Govers, Paul R. J. Birch, Stephen C. Whisson, Howard S. Judelson and Chad Nusbaum ()
Additional contact information
Brian J. Haas: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
Sophien Kamoun: The Sainsbury Laboratory
Michael C. Zody: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
Rays H. Y. Jiang: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
Robert E. Handsaker: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
Liliana M. Cano: The Sainsbury Laboratory
Manfred Grabherr: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
Chinnappa D. Kodira: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
Sylvain Raffaele: The Sainsbury Laboratory
Trudy Torto-Alalibo: The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
Tolga O. Bozkurt: The Sainsbury Laboratory
Audrey M. V. Ah-Fong: University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
Lucia Alvarado: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
Vicky L. Anderson: University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
Miles R. Armstrong: Plant Pathology Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
Anna Avrova: Plant Pathology Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
Laura Baxter: University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
Jim Beynon: University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
Petra C. Boevink: Plant Pathology Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
Stephanie R. Bollmann: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA
Jorunn I. B. Bos: The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
Vincent Bulone: Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), School of Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Centre
Guohong Cai: Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
Cahid Cakir: The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
James C. Carrington: Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
Megan Chawner: Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, USA
Lucio Conti: Plant Molecular Sciences Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow
Stefano Costanzo: USDA-ARS, Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, Stuttgart, Arkansas 72160, USA
Richard Ewan: Plant Molecular Sciences Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow
Noah Fahlgren: Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
Michael A. Fischbach: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachsetts 02114, USA
Johanna Fugelstad: Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), School of Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Centre
Eleanor M. Gilroy: Plant Pathology Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
Sante Gnerre: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
Pamela J. Green: Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA
Laura J. Grenville-Briggs: University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
John Griffith: Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, USA
Niklaus J. Grünwald: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA
Karolyn Horn: Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, USA
Neil R. Horner: University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
Chia-Hui Hu: North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
Edgar Huitema: The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
Dong-Hoon Jeong: Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA
Alexandra M. E. Jones: The Sainsbury Laboratory
Jonathan D. G. Jones: The Sainsbury Laboratory
Richard W. Jones: USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
Elinor K. Karlsson: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
Sridhara G. Kunjeti: University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
Kurt Lamour: University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
Zhenyu Liu: The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
LiJun Ma: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
Daniel MacLean: The Sainsbury Laboratory
Marcus C. Chibucos: Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
Hayes McDonald: Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
Jessica McWalters: Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, USA
Harold J. G. Meijer: Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 1-6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
William Morgan: The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
Paul F. Morris: Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
Carol A. Munro: University of Aberdeen, School of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
Keith O’Neill: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
Manuel Ospina-Giraldo: Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, USA
Andrés Pinzón: Mycology and Phytopathology Laboratory, Los Andes University
Leighton Pritchard: Plant Pathology Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
Bernard Ramsahoye: Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Cancer Research Centre, Western General Hospital
Qinghu Ren: J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
Silvia Restrepo: Mycology and Phytopathology Laboratory, Los Andes University
Sourav Roy: University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
Ari Sadanandom: Plant Molecular Sciences Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow
Alon Savidor: Tel Aviv University
Sebastian Schornack: The Sainsbury Laboratory
David C. Schwartz: Laboratory of Genetics, Laboratory for Molecular and Computational Genomics, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Ulrike D. Schumann: University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
Ben Schwessinger: The Sainsbury Laboratory
Lauren Seyer: Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, USA
Ted Sharpe: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
Cristina Silvar: The Sainsbury Laboratory
Jing Song: The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
David J. Studholme: The Sainsbury Laboratory
Sean Sykes: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
Marco Thines: The Sainsbury Laboratory
Peter J. I. van de Vondervoort: Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 1-6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Vipaporn Phuntumart: Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
Stephan Wawra: University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
Rob Weide: Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 1-6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Joe Win: The Sainsbury Laboratory
Carolyn Young: The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
Shiguo Zhou: Laboratory of Genetics, Laboratory for Molecular and Computational Genomics, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
William Fry: Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
Blake C. Meyers: Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA
Pieter van West: University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
Jean Ristaino: North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
Francine Govers: Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 1-6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Paul R. J. Birch: College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee (at SCRI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
Stephen C. Whisson: Plant Pathology Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
Howard S. Judelson: University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
Chad Nusbaum: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA

Nature, 2009, vol. 461, issue 7262, 393-398

Abstract: Blighted harvest: genome sequence unearths roots of potato pathogen's adaptability The genome of Phytophthora infestans, the pathogen that triggered the Irish potato famine in the nineteenth century, has been sequenced. It remains a devastating pathogen, with late blight destroying crops worth billions of dollars each year. Blight is difficult to control, in part because it adapts so quickly to genetically resistant potato strains. Comparison with two other Phytophthora genomes shows rapid turnover and extensive expansion of specific families of secreted disease effector proteins, including many genes induced during infection that have activities thought to alter host physiology. These fast evolving effector genes are found in highly dynamic and expanded regions of the genome, a factor that may contribute to its rapid adaptability to host plants. The P. infestans genome is the biggest so far sequenced, at about 240 megabases, with an extremely high repeat content of close to 75%. It is a model organism for the oomycetes, a distinct lineage of fungus-like eukaryotes related to organisms such as brown algae and diatoms.

Date: 2009
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DOI: 10.1038/nature08358

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