Femtosecond electronic response of atoms to ultra-intense X-rays

L. Young (), E. P. Kanter, B. Krässig, Y. Li, A. M. March, S. T. Pratt, R. Santra, S. H. Southworth, N. Rohringer, L. F. DiMauro, G. Doumy, C. A. Roedig, N. Berrah, L. Fang, M. Hoener, P. H. Bucksbaum, J. P. Cryan, S. Ghimire, J. M. Glownia, D. A. Reis, J. D. Bozek, C. Bostedt and M. Messerschmidt
Additional contact information
L. Young: Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
E. P. Kanter: Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
B. Krässig: Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
Y. Li: Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
A. M. March: Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
S. T. Pratt: Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
R. Santra: Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
S. H. Southworth: Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
N. Rohringer: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
L. F. DiMauro: The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
G. Doumy: The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
C. A. Roedig: The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
N. Berrah: Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA
L. Fang: Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA
M. Hoener: Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA
P. H. Bucksbaum: PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
J. P. Cryan: PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
S. Ghimire: PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
J. M. Glownia: PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
D. A. Reis: PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
J. D. Bozek: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
C. Bostedt: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
M. Messerschmidt: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA

Nature, 2010, vol. 466, issue 7302, 56-61

Abstract: Abstract An era of exploring the interactions of high-intensity, hard X-rays with matter has begun with the start-up of a hard-X-ray free-electron laser, the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). Understanding how electrons in matter respond to ultra-intense X-ray radiation is essential for all applications. Here we reveal the nature of the electronic response in a free atom to unprecedented high-intensity, short-wavelength, high-fluence radiation (respectively 1018 W cm−2, 1.5–0.6 nm, ∼105 X-ray photons per Å2). At this fluence, the neon target inevitably changes during the course of a single femtosecond-duration X-ray pulse—by sequentially ejecting electrons—to produce fully-stripped neon through absorption of six photons. Rapid photoejection of inner-shell electrons produces ‘hollow’ atoms and an intensity-induced X-ray transparency. Such transparency, due to the presence of inner-shell vacancies, can be induced in all atomic, molecular and condensed matter systems at high intensity. Quantitative comparison with theory allows us to extract LCLS fluence and pulse duration. Our successful modelling of X-ray/atom interactions using a straightforward rate equation approach augurs favourably for extension to complex systems.

Date: 2010
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DOI: 10.1038/nature09177

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