Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas

William F. Laurance (), D. Carolina Useche, Julio Rendeiro, Margareta Kalka, Corey J. A. Bradshaw, Sean P. Sloan, Susan G. Laurance, Mason Campbell, Kate Abernethy, Patricia Alvarez, Victor Arroyo-Rodriguez, Peter Ashton, Julieta Benítez-Malvido, Allard Blom, Kadiri S. Bobo, Charles H. Cannon, Min Cao, Richard Carroll, Colin Chapman, Rosamond Coates, Marina Cords, Finn Danielsen, Bart De Dijn, Eric Dinerstein, Maureen A. Donnelly, David Edwards, Felicity Edwards, Nina Farwig, Peter Fashing, Pierre-Michel Forget, Mercedes Foster, George Gale, David Harris, Rhett Harrison, John Hart, Sarah Karpanty, W. John Kress, Jagdish Krishnaswamy, Willis Logsdon, Jon Lovett, William Magnusson, Fiona Maisels, Andrew R. Marshall, Deedra McClearn, Divya Mudappa, Martin R. Nielsen, Richard Pearson, Nigel Pitman, Jan van der Ploeg, Andrew Plumptre, John Poulsen, Mauricio Quesada, Hugo Rainey, Douglas Robinson, Christiane Roetgers, Francesco Rovero, Frederick Scatena, Christian Schulze, Douglas Sheil, Thomas Struhsaker, John Terborgh, Duncan Thomas, Robert Timm, J. Nicolas Urbina-Cardona, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, S. Joseph Wright, Juan Carlos Arias-G., Luzmila Arroyo, Mark Ashton, Philippe Auzel, Dennis Babaasa, Fred Babweteera, Patrick Baker, Olaf Banki, Margot Bass, Inogwabini Bila-Isia, Stephen Blake, Warren Brockelman, Nicholas Brokaw, Carsten A. Brühl, Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, Jung-Tai Chao, Jerome Chave, Ravi Chellam, Connie J. Clark, José Clavijo, Robert Congdon, Richard Corlett, H. S. Dattaraja, Chittaranjan Dave, Glyn Davies, Beatriz de Mello Beisiegel, Rosa de Nazaré Paes da Silva, Anthony Di Fiore, Arvin Diesmos, Rodolfo Dirzo, Diane Doran-Sheehy, Mitchell Eaton, Louise Emmons, Alejandro Estrada, Corneille Ewango, Linda Fedigan, François Feer, Barbara Fruth, Jacalyn Giacalone Willis, Uromi Goodale, Steven Goodman, Juan C. Guix, Paul Guthiga, William Haber, Keith Hamer, Ilka Herbinger, Jane Hill, Zhongliang Huang, I Fang Sun, Kalan Ickes, Akira Itoh, Natália Ivanauskas, Betsy Jackes, John Janovec, Daniel Janzen, Mo Jiangming, Chen Jin, Trevor Jones, Hermes Justiniano, Elisabeth Kalko, Aventino Kasangaki, Timothy Killeen, Hen-biau King, Erik Klop, Cheryl Knott, Inza Koné, Enoka Kudavidanage, José Lahoz da Silva Ribeiro, John Lattke, Richard Laval, Robert Lawton, Miguel Leal, Mark Leighton, Miguel Lentino, Cristiane Leonel, Jeremy Lindsell, Lee Ling-Ling, K. Eduard Linsenmair, Elizabeth Losos, Ariel Lugo, Jeremiah Lwanga, Andrew L. Mack, Marlucia Martins, W. Scott McGraw, Roan McNab, Luciano Montag, Jo Myers Thompson, Jacob Nabe-Nielsen, Michiko Nakagawa, Sanjay Nepal, Marilyn Norconk, Vojtech Novotny, Sean O'Donnell, Muse Opiang, Paul Ouboter, Kenneth Parker, N. Parthasarathy, Kátia Pisciotta, Dewi Prawiradilaga, Catherine Pringle, Subaraj Rajathurai, Ulrich Reichard, Gay Reinartz, Katherine Renton, Glen Reynolds, Vernon Reynolds, Erin Riley, Mark-Oliver Rödel, Jessica Rothman, Philip Round, Shoko Sakai, Tania Sanaiotti, Tommaso Savini, Gertrud Schaab, John Seidensticker, Alhaji Siaka, Miles R. Silman, Thomas B. Smith, Samuel Soares de Almeida, Navjot Sodhi, Craig Stanford, Kristine Stewart, Emma Stokes, Kathryn E. Stoner, Raman Sukumar, Martin Surbeck, Mathias Tobler, Teja Tscharntke, Andrea Turkalo, Govindaswamy Umapathy, Merlijn van Weerd, Jorge Vega Rivera, Meena Venkataraman, Linda Venn, Carlos Verea, Carolina Volkmer de Castilho, Matthias Waltert, Benjamin Wang, David Watts, William Weber, Paige West, David Whitacre, Ken Whitney, David Wilkie, Stephen Williams, Debra D. Wright, Patricia Wright, Lu Xiankai, Pralad Yonzon and Franky Zamzani
Additional contact information
William F. Laurance: Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.
D. Carolina Useche: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama.
Julio Rendeiro: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama.
Margareta Kalka: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama.
Corey J. A. Bradshaw: School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
Sean P. Sloan: Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.
Susan G. Laurance: Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.
Mason Campbell: Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.
Kate Abernethy: Stirling University, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
Patricia Alvarez: Duke University
Victor Arroyo-Rodriguez: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
Peter Ashton: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AB, UK.
Julieta Benítez-Malvido: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
Allard Blom: World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Washington DC 20037, USA.
Kadiri S. Bobo: University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.
Charles H. Cannon: Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden
Min Cao: Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden
Richard Carroll: World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Washington DC 20037, USA.
Colin Chapman: McGill University, Montreal H3A 2T7, Canada.
Rosamond Coates: Estación de Biologia Tropical Los Tuxtlas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Veracruz 95701, Mexico.
Marina Cords: Columbia University
Finn Danielsen: Nordic Foundation for Development and Ecology, DK-1159 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Bart De Dijn: Bart De Dijn Environmental Consultancy
Eric Dinerstein: World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Washington DC 20037, USA.
Maureen A. Donnelly: Florida International University
David Edwards: Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.
Felicity Edwards: Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.
Nina Farwig: Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany.
Peter Fashing: California State University, Fullerton, California 92834, USA.
Pierre-Michel Forget: Museum Natural d'Histoire Naturelle, 91800 Brunoy, France.
Mercedes Foster: US Geological Survey, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20013, USA.
George Gale: King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.
David Harris: Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland EH3 5LR, UK.
Rhett Harrison: Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden
John Hart: Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba Project
Sarah Karpanty: Virginia Tech University
W. John Kress: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20013, USA.
Jagdish Krishnaswamy: Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore 560064, India.
Willis Logsdon: Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.
Jon Lovett: University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.
William Magnusson: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA)
Fiona Maisels: Stirling University, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
Andrew R. Marshall: University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
Deedra McClearn: La Selva Biological Station, San Pedro, Costa Rica.
Divya Mudappa: Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore 570 002, India.
Martin R. Nielsen: University of Copenhagen
Richard Pearson: James Cook University
Nigel Pitman: Duke University
Jan van der Ploeg: Leiden University
Andrew Plumptre: Wildlife Conservation Society
John Poulsen: Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02540, USA.
Mauricio Quesada: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
Hugo Rainey: Wildlife Conservation Society
Douglas Robinson: Oregon State University
Christiane Roetgers: Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.
Francesco Rovero: Museo delle Scienze, 38122 Trento, Italy.
Frederick Scatena: University of Pennsylvania
Christian Schulze: University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
Douglas Sheil: Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Kabale, Uganda.
Thomas Struhsaker: Duke University
John Terborgh: Duke University
Duncan Thomas: Oregon State University
Robert Timm: University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.
J. Nicolas Urbina-Cardona: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
Karthikeyan Vasudevan: Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India.
S. Joseph Wright: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama.
Juan Carlos Arias-G.: Unidad de Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
Luzmila Arroyo: Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Mark Ashton: Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
Philippe Auzel: McGill University, Montreal H3A 2T7, Canada.
Dennis Babaasa: Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Kabale, Uganda.
Fred Babweteera: Budongo Conservation Field Station, Masindi, Uganda.
Patrick Baker: Monash University
Olaf Banki: Utrecht University
Margot Bass: Finding Species, Takoma Park, Maryland 20912, USA.
Inogwabini Bila-Isia: University of Kent, Kent CT2 7NZ, UK.
Stephen Blake: Wildlife Conservation Society
Warren Brockelman: Mahidol University Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
Nicholas Brokaw: University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico.
Carsten A. Brühl: University Koblenz-Landau, D-76829 Landau, Germany.
Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin: Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
Jung-Tai Chao: Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Tapei 10066, Taiwan.
Jerome Chave: Université Paul Sabatier
Ravi Chellam: Wildlife Conservation Society, Bangalore 560070, India.
Connie J. Clark: Duke University
José Clavijo: Universidad Central de Venezuela, Aragua, Venezuela.
Robert Congdon: James Cook University
Richard Corlett: National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.
H. S. Dattaraja: Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
Chittaranjan Dave: World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), New Delhi 110003, India.
Glyn Davies: World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Surrey GU7 1XR, UK.
Beatriz de Mello Beisiegel: Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação de Biodiversidade, Atibaia, São Paulo 12952-011, Brazil.
Rosa de Nazaré Paes da Silva: O Conselho Regional de Engenhara, Arquitetura e Agronomia do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
Anthony Di Fiore: University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
Arvin Diesmos: National Museum of the Philippines
Rodolfo Dirzo: Stanford University
Diane Doran-Sheehy: State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
Mitchell Eaton: University of Colorado
Louise Emmons: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20013, USA.
Alejandro Estrada: Estación de Biologia Tropical Los Tuxtlas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Veracruz 95701, Mexico.
Corneille Ewango: Wildlife Conservation Society
Linda Fedigan: University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
François Feer: Museum Natural d'Histoire Naturelle, 91800 Brunoy, France.
Barbara Fruth: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Jacalyn Giacalone Willis: Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, USA.
Uromi Goodale: University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA.
Steven Goodman: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA.
Juan C. Guix: Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
Paul Guthiga: Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis
William Haber: Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri 63166, USA.
Keith Hamer: University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
Ilka Herbinger: Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan 23, Cote d'Ivoire.
Jane Hill: University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
Zhongliang Huang: Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, Zhaoqing, People’s Republic of China.
I Fang Sun: Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
Kalan Ickes: Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA.
Akira Itoh: Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
Natália Ivanauskas: Instituto Florestal, São Paulo, São Paulo 02377-000, Brazil.
Betsy Jackes: James Cook University
John Janovec: Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA.
Daniel Janzen: University of Pennsylvania
Mo Jiangming: South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, People’s Republic of China.
Chen Jin: Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden
Trevor Jones: Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK.
Hermes Justiniano: Fundación para la Conservación del Bosque Chiquitano
Elisabeth Kalko: University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
Aventino Kasangaki: Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.
Timothy Killeen: Conservation International
Hen-biau King: Society of Subtropical Ecology
Erik Klop: Royal Haskoning, Water and Ecology Group, Groningen, Netherlands.
Cheryl Knott: Boston University
Inza Koné: Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
Enoka Kudavidanage: National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.
José Lahoz da Silva Ribeiro: Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
John Lattke: Universidad Central de Venezuela
Richard Laval: The Bat Jungle, Monteverde, Costa Rica.
Robert Lawton: University of Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA.
Miguel Leal: Boîte Postale 7847
Mark Leighton: 95 Warren Road, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA.
Miguel Lentino: Colección Ornitológica Phelps
Cristiane Leonel: Parque Estadual Horto Florestal, São Paulo, São Paulo 02377-000, Brazil.
Jeremy Lindsell: Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy SG19 2DL, UK.
Lee Ling-Ling: National Taiwan University
K. Eduard Linsenmair: University of Würzburg, Biocenter, D97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.
Elizabeth Losos: Organization for Tropical Studies
Ariel Lugo: USDA International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico 00926.
Jeremiah Lwanga: Makerere University
Andrew L. Mack: Green Capacity Inc.
Marlucia Martins: Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará 66040-170, Brazil.
W. Scott McGraw: Ohio State University
Roan McNab: Wildlife Conservation Society, Flores, Guatemala.
Luciano Montag: Universidad Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66040-170, Brazil.
Jo Myers Thompson: Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, Kinshasa
Jacob Nabe-Nielsen: Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
Michiko Nakagawa: Nagoya University
Sanjay Nepal: University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
Marilyn Norconk: Kent State University
Vojtech Novotny: Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
Sean O'Donnell: University of Washington
Muse Opiang: PNG Institute of Biological Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea.
Paul Ouboter: University of Suriname
Kenneth Parker: 113-3885 Richet Rd, Prince George, British Columbia V2K 2J2, Canada.
N. Parthasarathy: Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605-014, India.
Kátia Pisciotta: Fundação Florestal, São Paulo, São Paulo 02377-000, Brazil.
Dewi Prawiradilaga: Research Centre for Biology, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia.
Catherine Pringle: University of Georgia
Subaraj Rajathurai: Strix Wildlife Consultancy
Ulrich Reichard: Southern Illinois University
Gay Reinartz: Zoological Society of Milwaukee
Katherine Renton: Estación de Biologia Chamela, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Jalisco 48980, Mexico.
Glen Reynolds: Danum Valley Field Centre
Vernon Reynolds: Oxford University, Oxford BN26 5UX, UK.
Erin Riley: San Diego State University
Mark-Oliver Rödel: Museum für Naturkunde
Jessica Rothman: City University of New York
Philip Round: Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
Shoko Sakai: Research Institute for Humanity and Nature
Tania Sanaiotti: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA)
Tommaso Savini: King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.
Gertrud Schaab: Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences
John Seidensticker: National Zoological Park, Washington DC 20013, USA.
Alhaji Siaka: Gola Forest Programme, Kenema, Sierra Leone.
Miles R. Silman: Wake Forest University
Thomas B. Smith: University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
Samuel Soares de Almeida: Av. Maalhães Barata 376, Belém, Pará 66040-170, Brazil.
Navjot Sodhi: National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.
Craig Stanford: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.
Kristine Stewart: Institute of Applied Ethnobotany, Pompano Beach, Florida 33069, USA.
Emma Stokes: Wildlife Conservation Society
Kathryn E. Stoner: Texas A & M University, Kingsville, Texas 78363, USA.
Raman Sukumar: Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
Martin Surbeck: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Mathias Tobler: Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA.
Teja Tscharntke: Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany.
Andrea Turkalo: Wildlife Conservation Society, Bangui, Central African Republic.
Govindaswamy Umapathy: Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology
Merlijn van Weerd: Leiden University
Jorge Vega Rivera: Estación de Biologia Chamela, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Jalisco 48980, Mexico.
Meena Venkataraman: 701, Vesta B, Lodha Paradise, Thane, India.
Linda Venn: Paluma Environmental Education Centre, Paluma, Queensland 4816, Australia.
Carlos Verea: Universidad Central de Venezuela
Carolina Volkmer de Castilho: Embrapa Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil.
Matthias Waltert: Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany.
Benjamin Wang: University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
David Watts: Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
William Weber: Wildlife Conservation Society
Paige West: Columbia University
David Whitacre: Treasure Valley Math and Science Center
Ken Whitney: Rice University
David Wilkie: Wildlife Conservation Society
Stephen Williams: James Cook University
Debra D. Wright: Green Capacity Inc.
Patricia Wright: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
Lu Xiankai: South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, People’s Republic of China.
Pralad Yonzon: Resources Himalaya Foundation
Franky Zamzani: Gunung Palung National Park

Nature, 2012, vol. 489, issue 7415, 290-294

Abstract: Analysis of changes in functional groups of species and potential drivers of environmental change for protected areas across the world’s major tropical regions reveals large variation between reserves that have been effective and those experiencing an erosion of biodiversity, and shows that environmental changes immediately outside reserves are nearly as important as those inside in determining their ecological fate.

Date: 2012
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DOI: 10.1038/nature11318

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