The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems

Leonid L. Moroz (), Kevin M. Kocot, Mathew R. Citarella, Sohn Dosung, Tigran P. Norekian, Inna S. Povolotskaya, Anastasia P. Grigorenko, Christopher Dailey, Eugene Berezikov, Katherine M. Buckley, Andrey Ptitsyn, Denis Reshetov, Krishanu Mukherjee, Tatiana P. Moroz, Yelena Bobkova, Fahong Yu, Vladimir V. Kapitonov, Jerzy Jurka, Yuri V. Bobkov, Joshua J. Swore, David O. Girardo, Alexander Fodor, Fedor Gusev, Rachel Sanford, Rebecca Bruders, Ellen Kittler, Claudia E. Mills, Jonathan P. Rast, Romain Derelle, Victor V. Solovyev, Fyodor A. Kondrashov, Billie J. Swalla, Jonathan V. Sweedler, Evgeny I. Rogaev (), Kenneth M. Halanych and Andrea B. Kohn ()
Additional contact information
Leonid L. Moroz: The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida
Kevin M. Kocot: Auburn University, 101 Rouse Life Sciences, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
Mathew R. Citarella: The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida
Sohn Dosung: The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida
Tigran P. Norekian: The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida
Inna S. Povolotskaya: Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)
Anastasia P. Grigorenko: Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School
Christopher Dailey: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Eugene Berezikov: European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen Medical Center
Katherine M. Buckley: University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute 2075 Bayview Avenue
Andrey Ptitsyn: The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida
Denis Reshetov: Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS)
Krishanu Mukherjee: The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida
Tatiana P. Moroz: The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida
Yelena Bobkova: The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida
Fahong Yu: University of Florida
Vladimir V. Kapitonov: Genetic Information Research Institute, 1925 Landings Dr.
Jerzy Jurka: Genetic Information Research Institute, 1925 Landings Dr.
Yuri V. Bobkov: The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida
Joshua J. Swore: The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida
David O. Girardo: The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida
Alexander Fodor: The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida
Fedor Gusev: Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School
Rachel Sanford: The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida
Rebecca Bruders: The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida
Ellen Kittler: Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School
Claudia E. Mills: Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington
Jonathan P. Rast: University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute 2075 Bayview Avenue
Romain Derelle: Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)
Victor V. Solovyev: Royal Holloway, University of London
Fyodor A. Kondrashov: Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)
Billie J. Swalla: Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington
Jonathan V. Sweedler: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Evgeny I. Rogaev: Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School
Kenneth M. Halanych: Auburn University, 101 Rouse Life Sciences, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
Andrea B. Kohn: The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida

Nature, 2014, vol. 510, issue 7503, 109-114

Abstract: Abstract The origins of neural systems remain unresolved. In contrast to other basal metazoans, ctenophores (comb jellies) have both complex nervous and mesoderm-derived muscular systems. These holoplanktonic predators also have sophisticated ciliated locomotion, behaviour and distinct development. Here we present the draft genome of Pleurobrachia bachei, Pacific sea gooseberry, together with ten other ctenophore transcriptomes, and show that they are remarkably distinct from other animal genomes in their content of neurogenic, immune and developmental genes. Our integrative analyses place Ctenophora as the earliest lineage within Metazoa. This hypothesis is supported by comparative analysis of multiple gene families, including the apparent absence of HOX genes, canonical microRNA machinery, and reduced immune complement in ctenophores. Although two distinct nervous systems are well recognized in ctenophores, many bilaterian neuron-specific genes and genes of ‘classical’ neurotransmitter pathways either are absent or, if present, are not expressed in neurons. Our metabolomic and physiological data are consistent with the hypothesis that ctenophore neural systems, and possibly muscle specification, evolved independently from those in other animals.

Date: 2014
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DOI: 10.1038/nature13400

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