Ultrafast X-ray probing of water structure below the homogeneous ice nucleation temperature

J. A. Sellberg (), C. Huang, T. A. McQueen, N. D. Loh, H. Laksmono, D. Schlesinger, R. G. Sierra, D. Nordlund, C. Y. Hampton, D. Starodub, D. P. DePonte, M. Beye, C. Chen, A. V. Martin, A. Barty, K. T. Wikfeldt, T. M. Weiss, C. Caronna, J. Feldkamp, L. B. Skinner, M. M. Seibert, M. Messerschmidt, G. J. Williams, S. Boutet, L. G. M. Pettersson, M. J. Bogan and A. Nilsson ()
Additional contact information
J. A. Sellberg: SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
C. Huang: Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA
T. A. McQueen: SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
N. D. Loh: PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
H. Laksmono: PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
D. Schlesinger: AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
R. G. Sierra: PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
D. Nordlund: Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA
C. Y. Hampton: PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
D. Starodub: PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
D. P. DePonte: Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
M. Beye: SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
C. Chen: SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
A. V. Martin: Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
A. Barty: Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
K. T. Wikfeldt: AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
T. M. Weiss: Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA
C. Caronna: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA
J. Feldkamp: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA
L. B. Skinner: Mineral Physics Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, New York 11794-2100, USA
M. M. Seibert: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA
M. Messerschmidt: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA
G. J. Williams: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA
S. Boutet: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA
L. G. M. Pettersson: AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
M. J. Bogan: PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
A. Nilsson: SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA

Nature, 2014, vol. 510, issue 7505, 381-384

Abstract: Femtosecond X-ray laser pulses are used to probe the structure of liquid water in micrometre-sized droplets that have been cooled below the homogeneous ice nucleation temperature, revealing the existence of metastable bulk liquid water down to temperatures of 227 kelvin.

Date: 2014
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DOI: 10.1038/nature13266

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