Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans

Iosif Lazaridis, Nick Patterson, Alissa Mittnik, Gabriel Renaud, Swapan Mallick, Karola Kirsanow, Peter H. Sudmant, Joshua G. Schraiber, Sergi Castellano, Mark Lipson, Bonnie Berger, Christos Economou, Ruth Bollongino, Qiaomei Fu, Kirsten I. Bos, Susanne Nordenfelt, Heng Li, Cesare de Filippo, Kay Prüfer, Susanna Sawyer, Cosimo Posth, Wolfgang Haak, Fredrik Hallgren, Elin Fornander, Nadin Rohland, Dominique Delsate, Michael Francken, Jean-Michel Guinet, Joachim Wahl, George Ayodo, Hamza A. Babiker, Graciela Bailliet, Elena Balanovska, Oleg Balanovsky, Ramiro Barrantes, Gabriel Bedoya, Haim Ben-Ami, Judit Bene, Fouad Berrada, Claudio M. Bravi, Francesca Brisighelli, George B. J. Busby, Francesco Cali, Mikhail Churnosov, David E. C. Cole, Daniel Corach, Larissa Damba, George van Driem, Stanislav Dryomov, Jean-Michel Dugoujon, Sardana A. Fedorova, Irene Gallego Romero, Marina Gubina, Michael Hammer, Brenna M. Henn, Tor Hervig, Ugur Hodoglugil, Aashish R. Jha, Sena Karachanak-Yankova, Rita Khusainova, Elza Khusnutdinova, Rick Kittles, Toomas Kivisild, William Klitz, Vaidutis Kučinskas, Alena Kushniarevich, Leila Laredj, Sergey Litvinov, Theologos Loukidis, Robert W. Mahley, Béla Melegh, Ene Metspalu, Julio Molina, Joanna Mountain, Klemetti Näkkäläjärvi, Desislava Nesheva, Thomas Nyambo, Ludmila Osipova, Jüri Parik, Fedor Platonov, Olga Posukh, Valentino Romano, Francisco Rothhammer, Igor Rudan, Ruslan Ruizbakiev, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Antti Sajantila, Antonio Salas, Elena B. Starikovskaya, Ayele Tarekegn, Draga Toncheva, Shahlo Turdikulova, Ingrida Uktveryte, Olga Utevska, René Vasquez, Mercedes Villena, Mikhail Voevoda, Cheryl A. Winkler, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Pierre Zalloua, Tatijana Zemunik, Alan Cooper, Cristian Capelli, Mark G. Thomas, Andres Ruiz-Linares, Sarah A. Tishkoff, Lalji Singh, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Richard Villems, David Comas, Rem Sukernik, Mait Metspalu, Matthias Meyer, Evan E. Eichler, Joachim Burger, Montgomery Slatkin, Svante Pääbo, Janet Kelso, David Reich () and Johannes Krause ()
Additional contact information
Iosif Lazaridis: Harvard Medical School
Nick Patterson: Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT
Alissa Mittnik: Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen
Gabriel Renaud: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Swapan Mallick: Harvard Medical School
Karola Kirsanow: Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz D-55128, Germany.
Peter H. Sudmant: University of Washington
Joshua G. Schraiber: University of Washington
Sergi Castellano: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Mark Lipson: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Bonnie Berger: Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT
Christos Economou: Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, 114 18, Sweden.
Ruth Bollongino: Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz D-55128, Germany.
Qiaomei Fu: Harvard Medical School
Kirsten I. Bos: Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen
Susanne Nordenfelt: Harvard Medical School
Heng Li: Harvard Medical School
Cesare de Filippo: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Kay Prüfer: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Susanna Sawyer: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Cosimo Posth: Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen
Wolfgang Haak: Australian Centre for Ancient DNA and Environment Institute, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide
Fredrik Hallgren: The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Västerås 722 12, Sweden.
Elin Fornander: The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Västerås 722 12, Sweden.
Nadin Rohland: Harvard Medical School
Dominique Delsate: National Museum of Natural History, L-2160, Luxembourg.
Michael Francken: Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen D-72070, Germany.
Jean-Michel Guinet: National Museum of Natural History, L-2160, Luxembourg.
Joachim Wahl: State Office for Cultural Heritage Management Baden-Württemberg, Osteology, Konstanz D-78467, Germany.
George Ayodo: Center for Global Health and Child Development, Kisumu 40100, Kenya.
Hamza A. Babiker: Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.
Graciela Bailliet: Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Poblacional, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CCT-CONICET & CICPBA, La Plata, B1906APO, Argentina.
Elena Balanovska: Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow 115478, Russia.
Oleg Balanovsky: Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow 115478, Russia.
Ramiro Barrantes: Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica.
Gabriel Bedoya: Institute of Biology, Research group GENMOL, Universidad de Antioquia
Haim Ben-Ami: Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 31096, Israel.
Judit Bene: University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
Fouad Berrada: Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane (AUI), School of Science and Engineering, Ifrane 53000, Morocco.
Claudio M. Bravi: Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Poblacional, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CCT-CONICET & CICPBA, La Plata, B1906APO, Argentina.
Francesca Brisighelli: Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy.
George B. J. Busby: University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
Francesco Cali: Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Troina 94018, Italy.
Mikhail Churnosov: Belgorod State University, Belgorod 308015, Russia.
David E. C. Cole: University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada.
Daniel Corach: Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1113 CABA, Argentina.
Larissa Damba: Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
George van Driem: Institute of Linguistics, University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland.
Stanislav Dryomov: Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
Jean-Michel Dugoujon: Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse 31000, France.
Sardana A. Fedorova: North-Eastern Federal University and Yakut Research Center of Complex Medical Problems, Yakutsk 677013, Russia.
Irene Gallego Romero: University of Chicago
Marina Gubina: Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
Michael Hammer: University of Arizona
Brenna M. Henn: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
Tor Hervig: University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway.
Ugur Hodoglugil: NextBio, Illumina, Santa Clara, California 95050, USA.
Aashish R. Jha: University of Chicago
Sena Karachanak-Yankova: National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria.
Rita Khusainova: Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450054, Russia.
Elza Khusnutdinova: Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450054, Russia.
Rick Kittles: College of Medicine, University of Arizona
Toomas Kivisild: University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK.
William Klitz: University of California
Vaidutis Kučinskas: Vilnius University, Vilnius LT-08661, Lithuania.
Alena Kushniarevich: Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.
Leila Laredj: Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France.
Sergey Litvinov: Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450054, Russia.
Theologos Loukidis: Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
Robert W. Mahley: Gladstone Institutes
Béla Melegh: University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
Ene Metspalu: University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
Julio Molina: Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala.
Joanna Mountain: 23andMe, Mountain View, California 94043, USA.
Klemetti Näkkäläjärvi: Cultural Anthropology Program, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.
Desislava Nesheva: National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria.
Thomas Nyambo: Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 65001, Tanzania.
Ludmila Osipova: Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
Jüri Parik: University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
Fedor Platonov: Research Institute of Health, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk 677000, Russia.
Olga Posukh: Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
Valentino Romano: Università di Palermo, Palermo 90128, Italy.
Francisco Rothhammer: Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile.
Igor Rudan: Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
Ruslan Ruizbakiev: Institute of Immunology, Academy of Science, Tashkent 70000, Uzbekistan.
Hovhannes Sahakyan: Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.
Antti Sajantila: Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
Antonio Salas: Unidade de Xenética, and Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica (GMX), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galcia 15872, Spain.
Elena B. Starikovskaya: Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
Ayele Tarekegn: Research Fellow, Henry Stewart Group, Russell House, London WC1A 2HN, UK.
Draga Toncheva: National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria.
Shahlo Turdikulova: Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100125, Uzbekistan.
Ingrida Uktveryte: Vilnius University, Vilnius LT-08661, Lithuania.
Olga Utevska: V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv 61077, Ukraine.
René Vasquez: Instituto Boliviano de Biología de la Altura, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, 591 2 La Paz, Bolivia.
Mercedes Villena: Instituto Boliviano de Biología de la Altura, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, 591 2 La Paz, Bolivia.
Mikhail Voevoda: Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
Cheryl A. Winkler: Basic Research Laboratory, NCI, NIH, Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
Levon Yepiskoposyan: Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan 0014, Armenia.
Pierre Zalloua: Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut 13-5053, Lebanon.
Tatijana Zemunik: University of Split, School of Medicine, Split 21000, Croatia.
Alan Cooper: Australian Centre for Ancient DNA and Environment Institute, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide
Cristian Capelli: University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
Mark G. Thomas: Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
Andres Ruiz-Linares: Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
Sarah A. Tishkoff: University of Pennsylvania
Lalji Singh: CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
Kumarasamy Thangaraj: CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
Richard Villems: Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.
David Comas: Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
Rem Sukernik: Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
Mait Metspalu: Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.
Matthias Meyer: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Evan E. Eichler: University of Washington
Joachim Burger: Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz D-55128, Germany.
Montgomery Slatkin: University of California
Svante Pääbo: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Janet Kelso: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
David Reich: Harvard Medical School
Johannes Krause: Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen

Nature, 2014, vol. 513, issue 7518, 409-413

Abstract: A sequencing study comparing ancient and contemporary genomes reveals that most present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: west European hunter-gatherers, ancient north Eurasians (related to Upper Palaeolithic Siberians) and early European farmers of mainly Near Eastern origin.

Date: 2014
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DOI: 10.1038/nature13673

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