Scenarios for the making of vertebrates

Nicholas D. Holland (), Linda Z. Holland and Peter W. H. Holland
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Nicholas D. Holland: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
Linda Z. Holland: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
Peter W. H. Holland: University of Oxford

Nature, 2015, vol. 520, issue 7548, 450-455

Abstract: Abstract Over the past 200 years, almost every invertebrate phylum has been proposed as a starting point for evolving vertebrates. Most of these scenarios are outdated, but several are still seriously considered. The short-range transition from ancestral invertebrate chordates (similar to amphioxus and tunicates) to vertebrates is well accepted. However, longer-range transitions leading up to the invertebrate chordates themselves are more controversial. Opinion is divided between the annelid and the enteropneust scenarios, predicting, respectively, a complex or a simple ancestor for bilaterian animals. Deciding between these ideas will be facilitated by further comparative studies of multicellular animals, including enigmatic taxa such as xenacoelomorphs.

Date: 2015
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DOI: 10.1038/nature14433

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