The genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes

Christian Fuchsberger, Jason Flannick, Tanya M. Teslovich, Anubha Mahajan, Vineeta Agarwala, Kyle J. Gaulton, Clement Ma, Pierre Fontanillas, Loukas Moutsianas, Davis J. McCarthy, Manuel A. Rivas, John R. B. Perry, Xueling Sim, Thomas W. Blackwell, Neil R. Robertson, N. William Rayner, Pablo Cingolani, Adam E. Locke, Juan Fernandez Tajes, Heather M. Highland, Josee Dupuis, Peter S. Chines, Cecilia M. Lindgren, Christopher Hartl, Anne U. Jackson, Han Chen, Jeroen R. Huyghe, Martijn van de Bunt, Richard D. Pearson, Ashish Kumar, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Niels Grarup, Heather M. Stringham, Eric R. Gamazon, Jaehoon Lee, Yuhui Chen, Robert A. Scott, Jennifer E. Below, Peng Chen, Jinyan Huang, Min Jin Go, Michael L. Stitzel, Dorota Pasko, Stephen C. J. Parker, Tibor V. Varga, Todd Green, Nicola L. Beer, Aaron G. Day-Williams, Teresa Ferreira, Tasha Fingerlin, Momoko Horikoshi, Cheng Hu, Iksoo Huh, Mohammad Kamran Ikram, Bong-Jo Kim, Yongkang Kim, Young Jin Kim, Min-Seok Kwon, Juyoung Lee, Selyeong Lee, Keng-Han Lin, Taylor J. Maxwell, Yoshihiko Nagai, Xu Wang, Ryan P. Welch, Joon Yoon, Weihua Zhang, Nir Barzilai, Benjamin F. Voight, Bok-Ghee Han, Christopher P. Jenkinson, Teemu Kuulasmaa, Johanna Kuusisto, Alisa Manning, Maggie C. Y. Ng, Nicholette D. Palmer, Beverley Balkau, Alena Stančáková, Hanna E. Abboud, Heiner Boeing, Vilmantas Giedraitis, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Omri Gottesman, James Scott, Jason Carey, Phoenix Kwan, George Grant, Joshua D. Smith, Benjamin M. Neale, Shaun Purcell, Adam S. Butterworth, Joanna M. M. Howson, Heung Man Lee, Yingchang Lu, Soo-Heon Kwak, Wei Zhao, John Danesh, Vincent K. L. Lam, Kyong Soo Park, Danish Saleheen, Wing Yee So, Claudia H. T. Tam, Uzma Afzal, David Aguilar, Rector Arya, Tin Aung, Edmund Chan, Carmen Navarro, Ching-Yu Cheng, Domenico Palli, Adolfo Correa, Joanne E. Curran, Denis Rybin, Vidya S. Farook, Sharon P. Fowler, Barry I. Freedman, Michael Griswold, Daniel Esten Hale, Pamela J. Hicks, Chiea-Chuen Khor, Satish Kumar, Benjamin Lehne, Dorothée Thuillier, Wei Yen Lim, Jianjun Liu, Yvonne T. van der Schouw, Marie Loh, Solomon K. Musani, Sobha Puppala, William R. Scott, Loïc Yengo, Sian-Tsung Tan, Herman A. Taylor, Farook Thameem, Gregory Wilson, Tien Yin Wong, Pål Rasmus Njølstad, Jonathan C. Levy, Massimo Mangino, Lori L. Bonnycastle, Thomas Schwarzmayr, João Fadista, Gabriela L. Surdulescu, Christian Herder, Christopher J. Groves, Thomas Wieland, Jette Bork-Jensen, Ivan Brandslund, Cramer Christensen, Heikki A. Koistinen, Alex S. F. Doney, Leena Kinnunen, Tõnu Esko, Andrew J. Farmer, Liisa Hakaste, Dylan Hodgkiss, Jasmina Kravic, Valeriya Lyssenko, Mette Hollensted, Marit E. Jørgensen, Torben Jørgensen, Claes Ladenvall, Johanne Marie Justesen, Annemari Käräjämäki, Jennifer Kriebel, Wolfgang Rathmann, Lars Lannfelt, Torsten Lauritzen, Narisu Narisu, Allan Linneberg, Olle Melander, Lili Milani, Matt Neville, Marju Orho-Melander, Lu Qi, Qibin Qi, Michael Roden, Olov Rolandsson, Amy Swift, Anders H. Rosengren, Kathleen Stirrups, Andrew R. Wood, Evelin Mihailov, Christine Blancher, Mauricio O. Carneiro, Jared Maguire, Ryan Poplin, Khalid Shakir, Timothy Fennell, Mark DePristo, Martin Hrabé de Angelis, Panos Deloukas, Anette P. Gjesing, Goo Jun, Peter Nilsson, Jacquelyn Murphy, Robert Onofrio, Barbara Thorand, Torben Hansen, Christa Meisinger, Frank B. Hu, Bo Isomaa, Fredrik Karpe, Liming Liang, Annette Peters, Cornelia Huth, Stephen P. O’Rahilly, Colin N. A. Palmer, Oluf Pedersen, Rainer Rauramaa, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Veikko Salomaa, Richard M. Watanabe, Ann-Christine Syvänen, Richard N. Bergman, Dwaipayan Bharadwaj, Erwin P. Bottinger, Yoon Shin Cho, Giriraj R. Chandak, Juliana C. N. Chan, Kee Seng Chia, Mark J. Daly, Shah B. Ebrahim, Claudia Langenberg, Paul Elliott, Kathleen A. Jablonski, Donna M. Lehman, Weiping Jia, Ronald C. W. Ma, Toni I. Pollin, Manjinder Sandhu, Nikhil Tandon, Philippe Froguel, Inês Barroso, Yik Ying Teo, Eleftheria Zeggini, Ruth J. F. Loos, Kerrin S. Small, Janina S. Ried, Ralph A. DeFronzo, Harald Grallert, Benjamin Glaser, Andres Metspalu, Nicholas J. Wareham, Mark Walker, Eric Banks, Christian Gieger, Erik Ingelsson, Hae Kyung Im, Thomas Illig, Paul W. Franks, Gemma Buck, Joseph Trakalo, David Buck, Inga Prokopenko, Reedik Mägi, Lars Lind, Yossi Farjoun, Katharine R. Owen, Anna L. Gloyn, Konstantin Strauch, Tiinamaija Tuomi, Jaspal Singh Kooner, Jong-Young Lee, Taesung Park, Peter Donnelly, Andrew D. Morris, Andrew T. Hattersley, Donald W. Bowden, Francis S. Collins, Gil Atzmon, John C. Chambers, Timothy D. Spector, Markku Laakso, Tim M. Strom, Graeme I. Bell, John Blangero, Ravindranath Duggirala, E. Shyong Tai, Gilean McVean, Craig L. Hanis, James G. Wilson, Mark Seielstad, Timothy M. Frayling, James B. Meigs, Nancy J. Cox, Rob Sladek, Eric S. Lander, Stacey Gabriel, Noël P. Burtt, Karen L. Mohlke, Thomas Meitinger, Leif Groop, Goncalo Abecasis, Jose C. Florez, Laura J. Scott, Andrew P. Morris, Hyun Min Kang, Michael Boehnke (), David Altshuler and Mark I. McCarthy ()
Additional contact information
Christian Fuchsberger: University of Michigan
Jason Flannick: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Tanya M. Teslovich: University of Michigan
Anubha Mahajan: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Vineeta Agarwala: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Kyle J. Gaulton: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Clement Ma: University of Michigan
Pierre Fontanillas: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Loukas Moutsianas: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Davis J. McCarthy: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Manuel A. Rivas: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
John R. B. Perry: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Xueling Sim: University of Michigan
Thomas W. Blackwell: University of Michigan
Neil R. Robertson: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
N. William Rayner: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Pablo Cingolani: School of Computer Science, McGill University
Adam E. Locke: University of Michigan
Juan Fernandez Tajes: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Heather M. Highland: Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
Josee Dupuis: Boston University School of Public Health
Peter S. Chines: Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health
Cecilia M. Lindgren: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Christopher Hartl: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Anne U. Jackson: University of Michigan
Han Chen: Boston University School of Public Health
Jeroen R. Huyghe: University of Michigan
Martijn van de Bunt: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Richard D. Pearson: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Ashish Kumar: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Martina Müller-Nurasyid: Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health
Niels Grarup: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen
Heather M. Stringham: University of Michigan
Eric R. Gamazon: Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago
Jaehoon Lee: Seoul National University
Yuhui Chen: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Robert A. Scott: MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge
Jennifer E. Below: Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
Peng Chen: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System
Jinyan Huang: Harvard School of Public Health
Min Jin Go: Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health
Michael L. Stitzel: The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine
Dorota Pasko: Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter
Stephen C. J. Parker: University of Michigan
Tibor V. Varga: Lund University Diabetes Centre, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University
Todd Green: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Nicola L. Beer: Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford
Aaron G. Day-Williams: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
Teresa Ferreira: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Tasha Fingerlin: Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado
Momoko Horikoshi: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Cheng Hu: Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital
Iksoo Huh: Seoul National University
Mohammad Kamran Ikram: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre
Bong-Jo Kim: Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health
Yongkang Kim: Seoul National University
Young Jin Kim: Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health
Min-Seok Kwon: Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University
Juyoung Lee: Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health
Selyeong Lee: Seoul National University
Keng-Han Lin: University of Michigan
Taylor J. Maxwell: Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
Yoshihiko Nagai: McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre
Xu Wang: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System
Ryan P. Welch: University of Michigan
Joon Yoon: Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University
Weihua Zhang: Imperial College London
Nir Barzilai: Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Benjamin F. Voight: University of Pennsylvania - Perelman School of Medicine
Bok-Ghee Han: Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health
Christopher P. Jenkinson: University of Texas Health Science Center
Teemu Kuulasmaa: Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland
Johanna Kuusisto: Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland
Alisa Manning: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Maggie C. Y. Ng: Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine
Nicholette D. Palmer: Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine
Beverley Balkau: Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health
Alena Stančáková: Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland
Hanna E. Abboud: University of Texas Health Science Center
Heiner Boeing: German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke
Vilmantas Giedraitis: Geriatrics, Uppsala University
Dorairaj Prabhakaran: Centre for Chronic Disease Control
Omri Gottesman: The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
James Scott: National Heart and Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Sciences, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London
Jason Carey: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Phoenix Kwan: University of Michigan
George Grant: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Joshua D. Smith: University of Washington School of Medicine
Benjamin M. Neale: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Shaun Purcell: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Adam S. Butterworth: University of Cambridge
Joanna M. M. Howson: University of Cambridge
Heung Man Lee: The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Yingchang Lu: The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Soo-Heon Kwak: Seoul National University College of Medicine
Wei Zhao: University of Pennsylvania
John Danesh: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
Vincent K. L. Lam: The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Kyong Soo Park: Seoul National University College of Medicine
Danish Saleheen: University of Pennsylvania
Wing Yee So: The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Claudia H. T. Tam: The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Uzma Afzal: Imperial College London
David Aguilar: Baylor College of Medicine
Rector Arya: University of Texas Health Science Center
Tin Aung: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre
Edmund Chan: Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System
Carmen Navarro: Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca
Ching-Yu Cheng: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System
Domenico Palli: Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO)
Adolfo Correa: University of Mississippi Medical Center
Joanne E. Curran: South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
Denis Rybin: Boston University School of Public Health
Vidya S. Farook: Texas Biomedical Research Institute
Sharon P. Fowler: University of Texas Health Science Center
Barry I. Freedman: Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine
Michael Griswold: Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center
Daniel Esten Hale: University of Texas Health Science Center
Pamela J. Hicks: Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine
Chiea-Chuen Khor: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System
Satish Kumar: South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
Benjamin Lehne: Imperial College London
Dorothée Thuillier: CNRS-UMR8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute
Wei Yen Lim: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System
Jianjun Liu: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System
Yvonne T. van der Schouw: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht
Marie Loh: Imperial College London
Solomon K. Musani: Jackson Heart Study, University of Mississippi Medical Center
Sobha Puppala: Texas Biomedical Research Institute
William R. Scott: Imperial College London
Loïc Yengo: CNRS-UMR8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute
Sian-Tsung Tan: Ealing Hospital NHS Trust
Herman A. Taylor: University of Mississippi Medical Center
Farook Thameem: University of Texas Health Science Center
Gregory Wilson: College of Public Services, Jackson State University
Tien Yin Wong: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre
Pål Rasmus Njølstad: KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen
Jonathan C. Levy: Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford
Massimo Mangino: King’s College London
Lori L. Bonnycastle: Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health
Thomas Schwarzmayr: Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health
João Fadista: Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre
Gabriela L. Surdulescu: King’s College London
Christian Herder: Institute of Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University
Christopher J. Groves: Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford
Thomas Wieland: Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health
Jette Bork-Jensen: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen
Ivan Brandslund: Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark
Cramer Christensen: Vejle Hospital
Heikki A. Koistinen: National Institute for Health and Welfare
Alex S. F. Doney: Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School
Leena Kinnunen: National Institute for Health and Welfare
Tõnu Esko: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Andrew J. Farmer: University of Oxford
Liisa Hakaste: Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital
Dylan Hodgkiss: King’s College London
Jasmina Kravic: Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre
Valeriya Lyssenko: Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre
Mette Hollensted: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen
Marit E. Jørgensen: Steno Diabetes Center
Torben Jørgensen: Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark
Claes Ladenvall: Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre
Johanne Marie Justesen: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen
Annemari Käräjämäki: Vaasa Central Hospital
Jennifer Kriebel: German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
Wolfgang Rathmann: Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University
Lars Lannfelt: Geriatrics, Uppsala University
Torsten Lauritzen: Section of General Practice, Aarhus University
Narisu Narisu: Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health
Allan Linneberg: Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark
Olle Melander: Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Lund University
Lili Milani: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu
Matt Neville: Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford
Marju Orho-Melander: Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology, Lund University
Lu Qi: Harvard School of Public Health
Qibin Qi: Harvard School of Public Health
Michael Roden: Institute of Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University
Olov Rolandsson: Umeå University
Amy Swift: Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health
Anders H. Rosengren: Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre
Kathleen Stirrups: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
Andrew R. Wood: Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter
Evelin Mihailov: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu
Christine Blancher: High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Mauricio O. Carneiro: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Jared Maguire: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Ryan Poplin: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Khalid Shakir: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Timothy Fennell: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Mark DePristo: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Martin Hrabé de Angelis: German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
Panos Deloukas: William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London
Anette P. Gjesing: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen
Goo Jun: University of Michigan
Peter Nilsson: Medicine, Lund University
Jacquelyn Murphy: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Robert Onofrio: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Barbara Thorand: German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
Torben Hansen: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen
Christa Meisinger: German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
Frank B. Hu: Harvard School of Public Health
Bo Isomaa: Folkhälsan Research Centre
Fredrik Karpe: Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford
Liming Liang: Harvard School of Public Health
Annette Peters: DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance
Cornelia Huth: German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
Stephen P. O’Rahilly: Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge
Colin N. A. Palmer: Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee
Oluf Pedersen: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen
Rainer Rauramaa: Foundation for Research in Health, Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine
Jaakko Tuomilehto: National Institute for Health and Welfare
Veikko Salomaa: National Institute for Health and Welfare
Richard M. Watanabe: Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
Ann-Christine Syvänen: Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University
Richard N. Bergman: Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute
Dwaipayan Bharadwaj: Functional Genomics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB)
Erwin P. Bottinger: The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Yoon Shin Cho: Hallym University
Giriraj R. Chandak: CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology
Juliana C. N. Chan: The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Kee Seng Chia: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System
Mark J. Daly: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
Shah B. Ebrahim: Centre for Chronic Disease Control
Claudia Langenberg: MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge
Paul Elliott: Imperial College London
Kathleen A. Jablonski: The Biostatistics Center, The George Washington University
Donna M. Lehman: University of Texas Health Science Center
Weiping Jia: Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital
Ronald C. W. Ma: The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Toni I. Pollin: Diabetes and Nutrition, and Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine
Manjinder Sandhu: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
Nikhil Tandon: All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Philippe Froguel: CNRS-UMR8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute
Inês Barroso: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
Yik Ying Teo: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System
Eleftheria Zeggini: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
Ruth J. F. Loos: The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Kerrin S. Small: King’s College London
Janina S. Ried: Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health
Ralph A. DeFronzo: University of Texas Health Science Center
Harald Grallert: German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
Benjamin Glaser: Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center
Andres Metspalu: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu
Nicholas J. Wareham: MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge
Mark Walker: The Medical School, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University
Eric Banks: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Christian Gieger: Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health
Erik Ingelsson: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Hae Kyung Im: Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago
Thomas Illig: Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health
Paul W. Franks: Lund University Diabetes Centre, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University
Gemma Buck: High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Joseph Trakalo: High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
David Buck: High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Inga Prokopenko: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Reedik Mägi: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu
Lars Lind: Uppsala University
Yossi Farjoun: Data Sciences and Data Engineering, Broad Institute
Katharine R. Owen: Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford
Anna L. Gloyn: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Konstantin Strauch: Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health
Tiinamaija Tuomi: Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital
Jaspal Singh Kooner: Ealing Hospital NHS Trust
Jong-Young Lee: Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health
Taesung Park: Seoul National University
Peter Donnelly: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Andrew D. Morris: Clinical Research Centre, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School
Andrew T. Hattersley: University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter
Donald W. Bowden: Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine
Francis S. Collins: Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health
Gil Atzmon: Albert Einstein College of Medicine
John C. Chambers: Imperial College London
Timothy D. Spector: King’s College London
Markku Laakso: Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland
Tim M. Strom: Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health
Graeme I. Bell: The University of Chicago
John Blangero: South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
Ravindranath Duggirala: Texas Biomedical Research Institute
E. Shyong Tai: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System
Gilean McVean: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Craig L. Hanis: Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
James G. Wilson: University of Mississippi Medical Center
Mark Seielstad: University of California, San Francisco
Timothy M. Frayling: Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter
James B. Meigs: Harvard Medical School
Nancy J. Cox: Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago
Rob Sladek: McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre
Eric S. Lander: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Stacey Gabriel: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Noël P. Burtt: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Karen L. Mohlke: University of North Carolina
Thomas Meitinger: Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health
Leif Groop: Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre
Goncalo Abecasis: University of Michigan
Jose C. Florez: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Laura J. Scott: University of Michigan
Andrew P. Morris: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
Hyun Min Kang: University of Michigan
Michael Boehnke: University of Michigan
David Altshuler: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute
Mark I. McCarthy: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford

Nature, 2016, vol. 536, issue 7614, 41-47

Abstract: Abstract The genetic architecture of common traits, including the number, frequency, and effect sizes of inherited variants that contribute to individual risk, has been long debated. Genome-wide association studies have identified scores of common variants associated with type 2 diabetes, but in aggregate, these explain only a fraction of the heritability of this disease. Here, to test the hypothesis that lower-frequency variants explain much of the remainder, the GoT2D and T2D-GENES consortia performed whole-genome sequencing in 2,657 European individuals with and without diabetes, and exome sequencing in 12,940 individuals from five ancestry groups. To increase statistical power, we expanded the sample size via genotyping and imputation in a further 111,548 subjects. Variants associated with type 2 diabetes after sequencing were overwhelmingly common and most fell within regions previously identified by genome-wide association studies. Comprehensive enumeration of sequence variation is necessary to identify functional alleles that provide important clues to disease pathophysiology, but large-scale sequencing does not support the idea that lower-frequency variants have a major role in predisposition to type 2 diabetes.

Date: 2016
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DOI: 10.1038/nature18642

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