Genomic epidemiology reveals multiple introductions of Zika virus into the United States

Nathan D. Grubaugh, Jason T. Ladner, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Gytis Dudas, Amanda L. Tan, Karthik Gangavarapu, Michael R. Wiley, Stephen White, Julien Thézé, Diogo M. Magnani, Karla Prieto, Daniel Reyes, Andrea M. Bingham, Lauren M. Paul, Refugio Robles-Sikisaka, Glenn Oliveira, Darryl Pronty, Carolyn M. Barcellona, Hayden C. Metsky, Mary Lynn Baniecki, Kayla G. Barnes, Bridget Chak, Catherine A. Freije, Adrianne Gladden-Young, Andreas Gnirke, Cynthia Luo, Bronwyn MacInnis, Christian B. Matranga, Daniel J. Park, James Qu, Stephen F. Schaffner, Christopher Tomkins-Tinch, Kendra L. West, Sarah M. Winnicki, Shirlee Wohl, Nathan L. Yozwiak, Joshua Quick, Joseph R. Fauver, Kamran Khan, Shannon E. Brent, Robert C. Reiner, Paola N. Lichtenberger, Michael J. Ricciardi, Varian K. Bailey, David I. Watkins, Marshall R. Cone, Edgar W. Kopp, Kelly N. Hogan, Andrew C. Cannons, Reynald Jean, Andrew J. Monaghan, Robert F. Garry, Nicholas J. Loman, Nuno R. Faria, Mario C. Porcelli, Chalmers Vasquez, Elyse R. Nagle, Derek A. T. Cummings, Danielle Stanek, Andrew Rambaut, Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart, Pardis C. Sabeti, Leah D. Gillis, Scott F. Michael, Trevor Bedford, Oliver G. Pybus, Sharon Isern, Gustavo Palacios () and Kristian G. Andersen ()
Additional contact information
Nathan D. Grubaugh: The Scripps Research Institute
Jason T. Ladner: Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
Moritz U. G. Kraemer: University of Oxford
Gytis Dudas: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Amanda L. Tan: College of Arts and Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University
Karthik Gangavarapu: The Scripps Research Institute
Michael R. Wiley: Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
Stephen White: Bureau of Public Health Laboratories
Julien Thézé: University of Oxford
Diogo M. Magnani: University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Karla Prieto: Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
Daniel Reyes: Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
Andrea M. Bingham: Bureau of Epidemiology
Lauren M. Paul: College of Arts and Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University
Refugio Robles-Sikisaka: The Scripps Research Institute
Glenn Oliveira: Scripps Translational Science Institute
Darryl Pronty: Bureau of Public Health Laboratories
Carolyn M. Barcellona: College of Arts and Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University
Hayden C. Metsky: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Mary Lynn Baniecki: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Kayla G. Barnes: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Bridget Chak: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Catherine A. Freije: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Adrianne Gladden-Young: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Andreas Gnirke: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Cynthia Luo: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Bronwyn MacInnis: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Christian B. Matranga: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Daniel J. Park: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
James Qu: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Stephen F. Schaffner: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Christopher Tomkins-Tinch: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Kendra L. West: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Sarah M. Winnicki: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Shirlee Wohl: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Nathan L. Yozwiak: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Joshua Quick: Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham
Joseph R. Fauver: Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University
Kamran Khan: Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital
Shannon E. Brent: Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital
Robert C. Reiner: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington
Paola N. Lichtenberger: University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Michael J. Ricciardi: University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Varian K. Bailey: University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
David I. Watkins: University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Marshall R. Cone: Bureau of Public Health Laboratories
Edgar W. Kopp: Bureau of Public Health Laboratories
Kelly N. Hogan: Bureau of Public Health Laboratories
Andrew C. Cannons: Bureau of Public Health Laboratories
Reynald Jean: Florida Department of Health in Miami-Dade County
Andrew J. Monaghan: National Center for Atmospheric Research
Robert F. Garry: Tulane University School of Medicine
Nicholas J. Loman: Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham
Nuno R. Faria: University of Oxford
Mario C. Porcelli: Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control
Chalmers Vasquez: Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control
Elyse R. Nagle: Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
Derek A. T. Cummings: University of Florida
Danielle Stanek: Bureau of Epidemiology
Andrew Rambaut: Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh
Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart: Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
Pardis C. Sabeti: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Leah D. Gillis: Bureau of Public Health Laboratories
Scott F. Michael: College of Arts and Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University
Trevor Bedford: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Oliver G. Pybus: University of Oxford
Sharon Isern: College of Arts and Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University
Gustavo Palacios: Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
Kristian G. Andersen: The Scripps Research Institute

Nature, 2017, vol. 546, issue 7658, 401-405

Abstract: Genome sequencing of Zika virus samples from infected patients and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Florida shows that the virus was probably introduced into the United States on multiple occasions, and that the Caribbean is the most likely source.

Date: 2017
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DOI: 10.1038/nature22400

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