137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes

Peter de Barros Damgaard, Nina Marchi, Simon Rasmussen, Michaël Peyrot, Gabriel Renaud, Thorfinn Korneliussen, J. Víctor Moreno-Mayar, Mikkel Winther Pedersen, Amy Goldberg, Emma Usmanova, Nurbol Baimukhanov, Valeriy Loman, Lotte Hedeager, Anders Gorm Pedersen, Kasper Nielsen, Gennady Afanasiev, Kunbolot Akmatov, Almaz Aldashev, Ashyk Alpaslan, Gabit Baimbetov, Vladimir I. Bazaliiskii, Arman Beisenov, Bazartseren Boldbaatar, Bazartseren Boldgiv, Choduraa Dorzhu, Sturla Ellingvag, Diimaajav Erdenebaatar, Rana Dajani, Evgeniy Dmitriev, Valeriy Evdokimov, Karin M. Frei, Andrey Gromov, Alexander Goryachev, Hakon Hakonarson, Tatyana Hegay, Zaruhi Khachatryan, Ruslan Khaskhanov, Egor Kitov, Alina Kolbina, Tabaldiev Kubatbek, Alexey Kukushkin, Igor Kukushkin, Nina Lau, Ashot Margaryan, Inga Merkyte, Ilya V. Mertz, Viktor K. Mertz, Enkhbayar Mijiddorj, Vyacheslav Moiyesev, Gulmira Mukhtarova, Bekmukhanbet Nurmukhanbetov, Z. Orozbekova, Irina Panyushkina, Karol Pieta, Václav Smrčka, Irina Shevnina, Andrey Logvin, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Tereza Štolcová, Angela M. Taravella, Kadicha Tashbaeva, Alexander Tkachev, Turaly Tulegenov, Dmitriy Voyakin, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Sainbileg Undrakhbold, Victor Varfolomeev, Andrzej Weber, Melissa A. Wilson Sayres, Nikolay Kradin, Morten E. Allentoft, Ludovic Orlando, Rasmus Nielsen, Martin Sikora, Evelyne Heyer, Kristian Kristiansen and Eske Willerslev ()
Additional contact information
Peter de Barros Damgaard: Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen
Nina Marchi: Université Paris Diderot
Simon Rasmussen: Technical University of Denmark
Michaël Peyrot: Leiden University
Gabriel Renaud: Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen
Thorfinn Korneliussen: Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen
J. Víctor Moreno-Mayar: Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen
Mikkel Winther Pedersen: University of Cambridge
Amy Goldberg: Stanford University
Emma Usmanova: Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute
Nurbol Baimukhanov: Shejire DNA
Valeriy Loman: Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute
Lotte Hedeager: University of Oslo
Anders Gorm Pedersen: Technical University of Denmark
Kasper Nielsen: Technical University of Denmark
Gennady Afanasiev: Institute of Archaeology Russian Academy of Sciences
Kunbolot Akmatov: Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University
Almaz Aldashev: National Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyzstan
Ashyk Alpaslan: Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University
Gabit Baimbetov: Shejire DNA
Vladimir I. Bazaliiskii: Irkutsk State University
Arman Beisenov: A. Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology
Bazartseren Boldbaatar: Mongolian University of Life Sciences
Bazartseren Boldgiv: National University of Mongolia
Choduraa Dorzhu: Tuvan State University
Sturla Ellingvag: The Explico Foundation
Diimaajav Erdenebaatar: Ulaanbaatar State University
Rana Dajani: Hashemite University
Evgeniy Dmitriev: Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute
Valeriy Evdokimov: Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute
Karin M. Frei: National Museum of Denmark
Andrey Gromov: Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS
Alexander Goryachev: Archaeological Expertise LLC
Hakon Hakonarson: The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Tatyana Hegay: Ministry of Public Health
Zaruhi Khachatryan: Russian-Armenian University
Ruslan Khaskhanov: Complex Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Egor Kitov: A. Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology
Alina Kolbina: Kostanay Regional Local History Museum
Tabaldiev Kubatbek: Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University
Alexey Kukushkin: Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute
Igor Kukushkin: Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute
Nina Lau: Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology
Ashot Margaryan: Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen
Inga Merkyte: University of Copenhagen
Ilya V. Mertz: S. Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University
Viktor K. Mertz: S. Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University
Enkhbayar Mijiddorj: Ulaanbaatar State University
Vyacheslav Moiyesev: Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS
Gulmira Mukhtarova: The State Historical and Cultural Reserve-Museum (ISSYK)
Bekmukhanbet Nurmukhanbetov: The State Historical and Cultural Reserve-Museum (ISSYK)
Z. Orozbekova: Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Irina Panyushkina: University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research
Karol Pieta: Institute of Archaeology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences
Václav Smrčka: Charles University
Irina Shevnina: Kostanay State University
Andrey Logvin: Kostanay State University
Karl-Göran Sjögren: University of Gothenburg
Tereza Štolcová: Institute of Archaeology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences
Angela M. Taravella: The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University
Kadicha Tashbaeva: Institute of History and Cultural Heritage of National Academy of Sciences
Alexander Tkachev: Institute of Problems Development of the North Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Turaly Tulegenov: The State Historical and Cultural Reserve-Museum (ISSYK)
Dmitriy Voyakin: Archaeological Expertise LLC
Levon Yepiskoposyan: Russian-Armenian University
Sainbileg Undrakhbold: National University of Mongolia
Victor Varfolomeev: Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute
Andrzej Weber: University of Alberta
Melissa A. Wilson Sayres: The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University
Nikolay Kradin: Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Morten E. Allentoft: Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen
Ludovic Orlando: Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen
Rasmus Nielsen: Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen
Martin Sikora: Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen
Evelyne Heyer: Université Paris Diderot
Kristian Kristiansen: University of Gothenburg
Eske Willerslev: Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen

Nature, 2018, vol. 557, issue 7705, 369-374

Abstract: Abstract For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century bc, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth–fifth century ad, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed the Eurasian steppes from being inhabited by Indo-European speakers of largely West Eurasian ancestry to the mostly Turkic-speaking groups of the present day, who are primarily of East Asian ancestry.

Date: 2018
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2

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