The outer membrane is an essential load-bearing element in Gram-negative bacteria

Enrique R. Rojas, Gabriel Billings, Pascal D. Odermatt, George K. Auer, Lillian Zhu, Amanda Miguel, Fred Chang, Douglas B. Weibel, Julie A. Theriot and Kerwyn Casey Huang ()
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Enrique R. Rojas: Stanford University
Gabriel Billings: Stanford University
Pascal D. Odermatt: Stanford University
George K. Auer: University of Wisconsin-Madison
Lillian Zhu: Stanford University
Amanda Miguel: Stanford University
Fred Chang: University of California San Francisco
Douglas B. Weibel: University of Wisconsin-Madison
Julie A. Theriot: Stanford University School of Medicine
Kerwyn Casey Huang: Stanford University

Nature, 2018, vol. 559, issue 7715, 617-621

Abstract: Abstract Gram-negative bacteria possess a complex cell envelope that consists of a plasma membrane, a peptidoglycan cell wall and an outer membrane. The envelope is a selective chemical barrier1 that defines cell shape2 and allows the cell to sustain large mechanical loads such as turgor pressure3. It is widely believed that the covalently cross-linked cell wall underpins the mechanical properties of the envelope4,5. Here we show that the stiffness and strength of Escherichia coli cells are largely due to the outer membrane. Compromising the outer membrane, either chemically or genetically, greatly increased deformation of the cell envelope in response to stretching, bending and indentation forces, and induced increased levels of cell lysis upon mechanical perturbation and during L-form proliferation. Both lipopolysaccharides and proteins contributed to the stiffness of the outer membrane. These findings overturn the prevailing dogma that the cell wall is the dominant mechanical element within Gram-negative bacteria, instead demonstrating that the outer membrane can be stiffer than the cell wall, and that mechanical loads are often balanced between these structures.

Date: 2018
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0344-3

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