RB constrains lineage fidelity and multiple stages of tumour progression and metastasis

David M. Walter, Travis J. Yates, Miguel Ruiz-Torres, Caroline Kim-Kiselak, A. Andrea Gudiel, Charuhas Deshpande, Walter Z. Wang, Michelle Cicchini, Kate L. Stokes, John W. Tobias, Elizabeth Buza and David M. Feldser ()
Additional contact information
David M. Walter: University of Pennsylvania
Travis J. Yates: University of Pennsylvania
Miguel Ruiz-Torres: University of Pennsylvania
Caroline Kim-Kiselak: University of Pennsylvania
A. Andrea Gudiel: University of Pennsylvania
Charuhas Deshpande: University of Pennsylvania
Walter Z. Wang: University of Pennsylvania
Michelle Cicchini: University of Pennsylvania
Kate L. Stokes: University of Pennsylvania
John W. Tobias: University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine
Elizabeth Buza: University of Pennsylvania
David M. Feldser: University of Pennsylvania

Nature, 2019, vol. 569, issue 7756, 423-427

Abstract: Abstract Mutations in the retinoblastoma (RB) tumour suppressor pathway are a hallmark of cancer and a prevalent feature of lung adenocarcinoma1–3. Although RB was the first tumour suppressor to be identified, the molecular and cellular basis that underlies selection for persistent RB loss in cancer remains unclear4–6. Methods that reactivate the RB pathway using inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6 are effective in some cancer types and are currently under evaluation for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma7–9. Whether RB pathway reactivation will have therapeutic effects and whether targeting CDK4 and CDK6 is sufficient to reactivate RB pathway activity in lung cancer remains unknown. Here we model RB loss during lung adenocarcinoma progression and pathway reactivation in established oncogenic KRAS-driven tumours in mice. We show that RB loss enables cancer cells to bypass two distinct barriers during tumour progression. First, RB loss abrogates the requirement for amplification of the MAPK signal during malignant progression. We identify CDK2-dependent phosphorylation of RB as an effector of MAPK signalling and critical mediator of resistance to inhibition of CDK4 and CDK6. Second, RB inactivation deregulates the expression of cell-state-determining factors, facilitates lineage infidelity and accelerates the acquisition of metastatic competency. By contrast, reactivation of RB reprograms advanced tumours towards a less metastatic cell state, but is nevertheless unable to halt cancer cell proliferation and tumour growth due to adaptive rewiring of MAPK pathway signalling, which restores a CDK-dependent suppression of RB. Our study demonstrates the power of reversible gene perturbation approaches to identify molecular mechanisms of tumour progression, causal relationships between genes and the tumour suppressive programs that they control and critical determinants of successful cancer therapy.

Date: 2019
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1172-9

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