The U1 spliceosomal RNA is recurrently mutated in multiple cancers

Shimin Shuai, Hiromichi Suzuki, Ander Diaz-Navarro, Ferran Nadeu, Sachin A. Kumar, Ana Gutierrez-Fernandez, Julio Delgado, Magda Pinyol, Carlos López-Otín, Xose S. Puente, Michael D. Taylor, Elías Campo and Lincoln D. Stein ()
Additional contact information
Shimin Shuai: University of Toronto
Hiromichi Suzuki: The Hospital for Sick Children
Ander Diaz-Navarro: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC)
Ferran Nadeu: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC)
Sachin A. Kumar: The Hospital for Sick Children
Ana Gutierrez-Fernandez: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC)
Julio Delgado: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC)
Magda Pinyol: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC)
Carlos López-Otín: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC)
Xose S. Puente: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC)
Michael D. Taylor: The Hospital for Sick Children
Elías Campo: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC)
Lincoln D. Stein: University of Toronto

Nature, 2019, vol. 574, issue 7780, 712-716

Abstract: Abstract Cancers are caused by genomic alterations known as drivers. Hundreds of drivers in coding genes are known but, to date, only a handful of noncoding drivers have been discovered—despite intensive searching1,2. Attention has recently shifted to the role of altered RNA splicing in cancer; driver mutations that lead to transcriptome-wide aberrant splicing have been identified in multiple types of cancer, although these mutations have only been found in protein-coding splicing factors such as splicing factor 3b subunit 1 (SF3B1)3–6. By contrast, cancer-related alterations in the noncoding component of the spliceosome—a series of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs)—have barely been studied, owing to the combined challenges of characterizing noncoding cancer drivers and the repetitive nature of snRNA genes1,7,8. Here we report a highly recurrent A>C somatic mutation at the third base of U1 snRNA in several types of tumour. The primary function of U1 snRNA is to recognize the 5′ splice site via base-pairing. This mutation changes the preferential A–U base-pairing between U1 snRNA and the 5′ splice site to C–G base-pairing, and thus creates novel splice junctions and alters the splicing pattern of multiple genes—including known drivers of cancer. Clinically, the A>C mutation is associated with heavy alcohol use in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and with the aggressive subtype of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with unmutated immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable regions. The mutation in U1 snRNA also independently confers an adverse prognosis to patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Our study demonstrates a noncoding driver in spliceosomal RNAs, reveals a mechanism of aberrant splicing in cancer and may represent a new target for treatment. Our findings also suggest that driver discovery should be extended to a wider range of genomic regions.

Date: 2019
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1651-z

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